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cj50型自升式钻井平台(cj46自升式钻井平台)
来源:www.ascsdubai.com 时间:2022-11-22 21:35 点击:253 编辑:admin

1. cj46自升式钻井平台

《摩托车驾照考试指南》依据2013年1月1日开始实施的《机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定》(公安部第123号令)编写,系统地介绍了摩托车驾驶人考驾照所涉及的基本知识和实际操作技能。

考试基本信息

考试介绍

驾驶证全称为机动车驾驶证,又作“驾照”,依照法律机动车辆驾驶人员所需申领的证照。有摩托车驾照才能合法骑摩托车。除了可以直接报考初学二轮摩托车、初学三轮摩托车外,还可申请增驾二轮摩托车、增驾三轮摩托车。无论是初学或增驾车型的,学习过程和费用是一样的。

摩托车驾驶证主要分以下三种类型

1、D驾照可以驾驶所有摩托车车型、三轮摩托。准驾车辆:发动机排量大于50ml或者最大设计车速大于50km/h。

2、E驾照∶可以驾驶电动轻便摩托车、电动二轮摩托车。准驾车辆:发动机排量大于50ml或者最大设计车速大于50km/h的三轮摩托车。

3、F驾照只能驾驶电动轻便摩托车。准驾车辆:发动机排量小于等于50ml,最大设计车速小于等于50km/h的摩托车。

另外,电动自行车属于非机动车,不需要驾驶证;但驾驶电动自行车,应当年满16周岁以上;电动轻便摩托车和电动摩托车均属于机动车,和普通摩托车相比,只是燃料种类不同(电动摩托车燃料种类为电,普通摩托车燃料种类为油),所以均需要考取相应的驾驶证方可上路行驶。

报考条件

考取摩托车驾照和汽车驾照一样,去当地交警队、车管所报名,等待考试。

1、初学摩托车驾照要求

1、年龄在18~60周岁,身份证原件;

2、六张近三个月内白底一寸彩照;

3、外地人员需要准备居住证;

4、体检表及体检收据,双眼矫正视力必须是5.0以上,体检项目主要是检测是否色盲、残疾、视力不佳等。

2、有其他驾照需要增驾

1、年龄在18~60周岁,身份证原件;

2、六张近三个月内白底一寸彩照;

3、外地人员需要准备居住证;

4、体检表及体检收据,双眼矫正视力必须是5.0以上,体检项目主要是检测是否色盲、残疾、视力不佳等;

5、驾驶本原件,驾驶本满一年且一年内没有12分记录。

报考时间

一般情况下考摩托驾照报名考试时间可以自己到交警大队或者车管所去预约,正常办公时间均可,周一至周五(法定节假日除外)。 摩托驾照一般一个月左右的时间,就能拿到摩托车驾驶证。

考试时间

根据自己预约的时间,自行去约定的考场进行考试即可。

考试内容

科目一、四考试:理论考试

根据所在地不同,有的地方直接发一本书,回去看就行了,有的则需要刷卡上课,50道题,每题2分,考试时间45分钟,90分合格。考试内容:

1、道路交通安个法律、法规和规章。

2、交通信号及其含义。

3、安全行车、文明驾驶知识。

4、高速公路、山区道路、桥梁、隧道、恶劣气象和复杂道路条件下的安全驾驶。

5、转向失控、制动失灵等紧急情况时的临危处置。

6、机动车构造、安全装置的日常检查和维护。

7、事故后自救、急救以及常见危险物品知识。

科目二考试:绕桩、坡道、单标桥

绕桩是在一条直线上,有三个杆子,要求以S型绕过三个杆子,然后再绕回来,过程中脚不能落地,车子不能熄火,车子不能压黄线。平时自己练一下,在考试时速度稍微慢一些,稳一些,不要紧张。还有的有土路、上坡、直角弯路、单边桥、蛇形路、起伏路等,考的可能都不太一样,一般都是绕一圈就过了。上坡的时候按道理是要在上面停一下的,不过一般没人管,上去的时候速度放慢点就行了。

科目三:路考

路考很简单,按考官的要求路线走就行了,分为起步、过人行横道、过公交车站、掉头、靠边停车。

需要注意的是:增驾也是三科目都要再考一遍。

考试日程安排

摩托车驾照科目一考试通过3工作日内发“驾驶技能准考证明”,有效期2年。《机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定》第26条第一款规定:摩托车科目二要在“证明”下发10日后约考。

考试费用

1、驾驶证制作工本费:10元/证

2、科目一理论考试费用:42元/人/次

3、科目二场地考试费用:105元/人/次

4、科目三道路考试费用:139元/人/次

那么,考取“D证、E证、F证”的费用总计为10+42+105+139=296元,当然,这个地方也略有差异,但基本上相差不大,比如之前山东德州公布的考试费用为350元左右,当然,这个考试费用,是指驾驶人直接在车管所报名,不经过驾校学习、考试的费用。

证书领取

考试合格后,车管所整理完档案核发驾驶证,增驾的收回原驾驶证,换领新驾驶证。

备考策略

科目一、四学习工具

科目一和科目四都是上机考试,可以下载驾校一点通软件,选择摩托车考试,就会有相应的题库出来。考试内容可以分为两大类:

1、常识题

这种问题比较简单,只要三观正常,按照正常人的思维去走,不要看错题目,就可以答对。

2、理论题

理论题这个是自己的三观和常识覆盖不了的了,得靠做笔记、死记硬背,比如撤销驾照几年内不得重考、驾车逃逸而致死判几年之类的。

总之,上机考试需要细心、仔细的审题,可以在APP上多练习几次,每次在90分以上,就可以上考场了。常错题可以做笔记整理,加强记忆,比如:

科目二实战练习

其实驾照最难的其实是场地考试。在报名成功后,就可以按照驾校的通知,进行练车,熟悉场地。

场地如下:

摩托车科二的考试项目为绕桩、坡道定点停车和起步、通过单边桥。

两轮摩托车

1、绕桩

1、进入第一根桩的之前,尽量贴着边线行驶,只要不压线就行,车轮驶过桩杆就可以打方向,但方向不能打死要留一定的间隙,否则摩托很容易就会停下。

2、驶进第一根桩和第二根桩后,观察第二根桩平行出去的边线位置,车头对准那个点即可回正方向并朝那个方向行驶。

3、贴近边线后开始微调方向,观察车把手位置当把手和桩杆平行即可打方向倾斜过去,后面的桩也以此类推。

2、坡道定点停车和起步

1、起步前踩下刹车,防止汽车后溜;

2、如果摩托车是熄火状态的,则先捏紧离合退回空挡,启动后再准备起步;

3、摩托车启动后捏紧离合,向前踩一下换挡杆挂入1挡,然后慢慢拧油门给油;

4、稳住油门,观察转速表,挡转速表指针保持4000转左右,慢慢松开离合,直至车身明显抖动;

5、车身抖动也就是半联动状态,此时稳住离合不要动,然后快速松开脚刹并加油起步上坡,车辆平稳起步后在慢慢松完离合。

3、单边桥

对于单边桥来说,基本是没有什么技巧的,注意以下几点即可:

1、车速不宜太慢,太慢车身容易左右晃,从而导致重心不稳;

2、目光放远看,不要盯着轮胎接触位置,有了宏观视野驾驶才会平稳,如果光盯着车轮看,一旦有偏差,手就会不自觉地左右晃动把手去调整,从而影响结果;

3、上桥后手臂要放松,把手不要握太紧,过度紧张的话,在调整方向时容易用力过猛。

三轮摩托车

考试内容主要是桩考、坡道定点停车和起步、通过单边桥。

1、桩考

在桩考开始后,我们要把握进桩的速度和角度,不然会导致没有足够的转向空间,会导致压线。所以我们应该从边线和标杆的中间位置一档进入,保持半联动状态,需要油门和离合的正确配合,在考试过程中,一定慢而稳,但也不能太慢。

2、坡道定点停车和起步

坡上起步有四种方法,分别是:手刹法、半联动发、直接起步法、一脚两用法。其中直接起步法比较简单,只需要直接松开刹车,马上踩油门,拉开手刹即可,这种方法只需要多架联系,在考场上就会很简单。

3、通过单边桥

在通过单边桥时,需挂二档,在上桥前保持好心态,身体也要平稳,找好上桥角度,切记不要踩着离合不放,早点松离合,给油。使车平稳地骑上单边桥。合理的控制好车速。

科目三实战练习

摩托车科目三的考试内容由省级公安机关交通管理部门确定,一般会连同科目二合并考。科目三考试内容:起步、直线行驶、变更车道、通过路口、靠边停车、掉头等项目。

详细流程

①上车前、逆时针绕车一周检查车辆,起步前开左转向灯并向左后方转头观察后方情况,确认安全后起步。

②起步后慢松离合,直接并入左侧车道,车正后关闭转向灯,加油提速。

③通过人行横道时降速,左右摆头观察情况,前轮到人行横道上进行刹车降速。

④通过人行横道后加油、加档。

⑤掉头前减速减档,减档后打左转向灯,左右摆头观察情况,掉头后车正关闭转向灯。

⑥公交车站前收油左右摆头观察情况,刹车减速,过公交车站时加油加档提速。

⑦通过人行横道时降速,左右摆头观察情况,通过后减档,降低车速。

⑧靠边停车前打右转向灯往右看,确保安全后停车,车停好后关闭右转向灯,考试结束。

⑨把车开到起点处下车。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"《摩托车驾照考试指南》","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"依据2013年1月1日开始实施的《机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定》(公安部第123号令)编写,系统地介绍了摩托车驾驶人考驾照所涉及的基本知识和实际操作技能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUkAkIkGqykCs0i13JKBVpg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试基本信息","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG0UeMYwyKgqOSwUJb9KMgh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk62CmmUyei2WCW5nCXB9pd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"驾驶证全称为机动车驾驶证,又作“驾照”,依照法律机动车辆驾驶人员所需申领的证照。有摩托车驾照才能合法骑摩托车。除了可以直接报考初学二轮摩托车、初学三轮摩托车外,还可申请增驾二轮摩托车、增驾三轮摩托车。无论是初学或增驾车型的,学习过程和费用是一样的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoowG8yqqmsgsG2ByVvMreg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":866,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"考试介绍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6a10570fe6474874a90e8ffbdf79e483","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcn6Q0WYKIokOEmKcK8xe6szg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"摩托车驾驶证主要分以下三种类型","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnciGWm68GwK6q4iCEsMwzmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、D驾照可以驾驶所有摩托车车型、三轮摩托。准驾车辆:发动机排量大于50ml或者最大设计车速大于50km/h。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY2y4I64sWGsga67brjS5vg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、E驾照∶可以驾驶电动轻便摩托车、电动二轮摩托车。准驾车辆:发动机排量大于50ml或者最大设计车速大于50km/h的三轮摩托车。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngO4uICuWmUQ4AFQJPDPKrb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、F驾照只能驾驶电动轻便摩托车。准驾车辆:发动机排量小于等于50ml,最大设计车速小于等于50km/h的摩托车。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnusCOqGkaQ6qaau41hUB4Hb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":384,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"摩托车驾驶证主要分以下三种类型","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/21d861f1bd5f48b4abc70e0edf1d4f00","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnQIMmqyEs8e2mey9E9V2WRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"另外,电动自行车属于非机动车,不需要驾驶证;但驾驶电动自行车,应当年满16周岁以上;电动轻便摩托车和电动摩托车均属于机动车,和普通摩托车相比,只是燃料种类不同(电动摩托车燃料种类为电,普通摩托车燃料种类为油),所以均需要考取相应的驾驶证方可上路行驶。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq2OQWuIMg4m4gbJAIeq2og"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":455,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"摩托车驾驶证主要分以下三种类型","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/606bbb7473c043acb4df5677d0c5680a","width":660},"text":"","id":"doxcnY2K4wuEugC8Wmw8wWO4J7g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna0OgQasqASkACmvtntkE1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"考取摩托车驾照和汽车驾照一样,去当地交警队、车管所报名,等待考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyKaK2wOMKuGays13rxjKLk"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、初学摩托车驾照要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA6UKI48ak4uW27YHwMZD3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、年龄在18~60周岁,身份证原件;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnISWECGSE0QIeeoEWMiWJIh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、六张近三个月内白底一寸彩照;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG0Uwc42E0ikGk5mRxPDbrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、外地人员需要准备居住证;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwEMeyA0OIQwI5QmP5TVjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、体检表及体检收据,双眼矫正视力必须是5.0以上,体检项目主要是检测是否色盲、残疾、视力不佳等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn08iiMciIyUcogHlTCzuPjc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、有其他驾照需要增驾","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneaoaCCuCmsCGwrzvAQzbze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、年龄在18~60周岁,身份证原件;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUgGQ4Ua62ycMeUUyjGXt2d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、六张近三个月内白底一寸彩照;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoWucYWU0yCw4ccQoxspIcJ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、外地人员需要准备居住证;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCKyocgmEuEMuiTt5CL4Fj4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、体检表及体检收据,双眼矫正视力必须是5.0以上,体检项目主要是检测是否色盲、残疾、视力不佳等;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQMguiKmyKcKqeI0i1wa7in"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、驾驶本原件,驾驶本满一年且一年内没有12分记录。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGYcOOCIo6KKA6k49FbuvXf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOEQoEwOcwoYSA1UGpcUZOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般情况下考摩托驾照报名考试时间可以自己到交警大队或者车管所去预约,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"正常办公时间均可,周一至周五(法定节假日除外)。 摩托驾照一般一个月左右的时间,就能拿到摩托车驾驶证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnek4AQAm6oia6MtCcIUJT4d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":390,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报考时间","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ee7e6e22466043bab391d8bb602e85fa","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcnwkEQGoOWkGQCqgj7WuCXsf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn66KaMYS6ScMKiMPIigzd8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据自己预约的时间,自行去约定的考场进行考试即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2MUwWIGICaACmMK8kIWPXd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试内容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS4wEWCaGmGsaUDNc4mdNIf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"科目一、四考试:理论考试","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu6qUuIyAoEWUgjJ1oSCDKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据所在地不同,有的地方直接发一本书,回去看就行了,有的则需要刷卡上课,50道题,每题2分,考试时间45分钟,90分合格。考试内容:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMU4IaaMeOSKGsjAVSl0zVc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、道路交通安个法律、法规和规章。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnySw8cuuoCqegmostARq44f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、交通信号及其含义。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGgMIAiCEGwsCeila3K7m9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、安全行车、文明驾驶知识。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCqYgIqgw0wM6cLssxX9D0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、高速公路、山区道路、桥梁、隧道、恶劣气象和复杂道路条件下的安全驾驶。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWe0QWgAWku0YMZ2MfM6V5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、转向失控、制动失灵等紧急情况时的临危处置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4IsaeqaSm4EuaGK8YCRpEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、机动车构造、安全装置的日常检查和维护。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0Sg2skiiMcoyqWw7mbDjvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、事故后自救、急救以及常见危险物品知识。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqSq8Oe6cQQwKy6peD8npNg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":627,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"科目一、四考试:理论考试","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6bb7f980b2c84feea6713bed1efe28d2","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcn6ioMcC6qs4sE2zjd0PYbBc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"科目二考试:绕桩、坡道、单标桥","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnscKsgYQ2GQosmOryPLui4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"绕桩是在一条直线上,有三个杆子,要求以S型绕过三个杆子,然后再绕回来,过程中脚不能落地,车子不能熄火,车子不能压黄线。平时自己练一下,在考试时速度稍微慢一些,稳一些,不要紧张。还有的有土路、上坡、直角弯路、单边桥、蛇形路、起伏路等,考的可能都不太一样,一般都是绕一圈就过了。上坡的时候按道理是要在上面停一下的,不过一般没人管,上去的时候速度放慢点就行了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuYmqK0Ck0kmwakj48b2T9f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":481,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"科目二考试:绕桩、坡道、单标桥","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4081f5021c4a477bb61f422ce75769c5","width":842},"text":"","id":"doxcnAS0ca6aKQeSqsTUJTJSOne"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"科目三:路考","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnok88yAqSOWGwaumDBPn3kh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"路考很简单,按考官的要求路线走就行了,分为起步、过人行横道、过公交车站、掉头、靠边停车。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneykeiSgogQYaYbuKQDbdJt"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"需要注意的是:增驾也是三科目都要再考一遍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE8gG6CcoQkIKI5AJXs5Ikh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":462,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"科目三:路考","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/169547c9c25c4152ac15b4192c1bbf83","width":666},"text":"","id":"doxcnka4c040uacqOGobmBUaDYc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试日程安排","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwcg06WO6UUsyKyT1nyTRsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"摩托车驾照科目一考试通过3工作日内发“驾驶技能准考证明”,有效期2年。《机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定》第26条第一款规定:摩托车科目二要在“证明”下发10日后约考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOIKs0imMogWeCWlbKvvF1g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试费用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK2CqYUWuIe2OSWWRUYzmSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、驾驶证制作工本费:10元/证","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4isEgCoWA4oi4x7Tn53G6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、科目一理论考试费用:42元/人/次","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn06M8kyYoqUw8mAoGHmXxVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、科目二场地考试费用:105元/人/次","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnisk6SOeiakyuYvsxFCIJff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、科目三道路考试费用:139元/人/次","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0WUi4OK8wE8yCIEysvCawh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"那么,考取“D证、E证、F证”的费用总计为10+42+105+139=296元,当然,这个地方也略有差异,但基本上相差不大,比如之前山东德州公布的考试费用为350元左右,当然,这个考试费用,是指驾驶人直接在车管所报名,不经过驾校学习、考试的费用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneC0YU2isieoWc1mLaalxDh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书领取","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIScsgCEkS0QsWsXENBF0jh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试合格后,车管所整理完档案核发驾驶证,增驾的收回原驾驶证,换领新驾驶证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna4GmwIkkAUG6MpCRm1XVhg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":407,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"证书领取","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/65209001812f4a60bcc94041f7c9f684","width":632},"text":"","id":"doxcnoY8CCAYmoiiKGgxCacsCIg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"备考策略","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny0uuYcQcWi6cOwb0If9NUd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"科目一、四学习工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnks84UWgK2uU0kz3tKsGnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"科目一和科目四都是上机考试,可以下载驾校一点通软件,选择摩托车考试,就会有相应的题库出来。考试内容可以分为两大类:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniw0qoWs4ck8KisdcZ2cuUg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、常识题","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno2s80iqIOk0GEntiyIBmU6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种问题比较简单,只要三观正常,按照正常人的思维去走,不要看错题目,就可以答对。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCaCeqUMOkiUwemeyRKkm3b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、理论题","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE6g4ogOcOgOiEhKTRRh3gf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"理论题这个是自己的三观和常识覆盖不了的了,得靠做笔记、死记硬背,比如撤销驾照几年内不得重考、驾车逃逸而致死判几年之类的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEi2cIMwKKOaoETHUPsYAub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"总之,上机考试需要细心、仔细的审题,可以在APP上多练习几次,每次在90分以上,就可以上考场了。常错题可以做笔记整理,加强记忆,比如:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKESwwOKoGUyU2BIR2NSbBh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":723,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"2、理论题","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7ffcdd32a6194c82af765b3c62a19a3d","width":643},"text":"","id":"doxcnkq4ww0UKIacyOc76ldqLvh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":778,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"2、理论题","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/534454d0f76147e7a58010384ad91dca","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnkiC8WkI8qoMIIdBhE6OHAb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":778,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"2、理论题","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/534454d0f76147e7a58010384ad91dca","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnkiC8WkI8qoMIIdBhE6OHAb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":442,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"2、理论题","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9550f470aebd454aaeaeb07129bf13e3","width":623},"text":"","id":"doxcnsSyO8aeouWQAgdYXvTghTf"}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6oy2ECyaMYQm2NY2UXPK3g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"科目二实战练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6oy2ECyaMYQm2NY2UXPK3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其实驾照最难的其实是场地考试。在报名成功后,就可以按照驾校的通知,进行练车,熟悉场地。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk6ocMaIIiSE24wZ4qHIbif"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"场地如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqMaSWcKQAMyaUpecFoc91d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":540,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"科目二实战练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/36624f8d32d849a780fd11e4429ddf5e","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcn6KW00smc0O826juUf3bV4c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"摩托车科二的考试项目为绕桩、坡道定点停车和起步、通过单边桥。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqe4Q0gAGYEQm8VQ1YMmSMg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"两轮摩托车","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ6IG28YouSSW47J2wfVDZg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":4},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、绕桩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnca6isIaGCQGGk7TZIS06Fc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进入第一根桩的之前,尽量贴着边线行驶,只要不压线就行,车轮驶过桩杆就可以打方向,但方向不能打死要留一定的间隙,否则摩托很容易就会停下。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4YgCGQY0cGYw4kDqrej2Ad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、驶进第一根桩和第二根桩后,观察第二根桩平行出去的边线位置,车头对准那个点即可回正方向并朝那个方向行驶。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneUOWOmGuu6ey2RHbVq9ojb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、贴近边线后开始微调方向,观察车把手位置当把手和桩杆平行即可打方向倾斜过去,后面的桩也以此类推。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWkcgickUc8WOyAtoL889Af"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":450,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"1、绕桩","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ebe2d4311d70452baa3c25e24c3d6144","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcngAIsoWQo4K44qsHEs2n6Ad"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":4},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、坡道定点停车和起步","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIk4C0gSayGgAeKewRtXcEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、起步前踩下刹车,防止汽车后溜;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQku2YkegMIScURiJa0Yt0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、如果摩托车是熄火状态的,则先捏紧离合退回空挡,启动后再准备起步;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWIUuqCCa8IUqspriFDafHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、摩托车启动后捏紧离合,向前踩一下换挡杆挂入1挡,然后慢慢拧油门给油;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmUAwcYUuUQ4EUjLCujFIUd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、稳住油门,观察转速表,挡转速表指针保持4000转左右,慢慢松开离合,直至车身明显抖动;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAyISaWCA2M8ukjqk4lgzae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、车身抖动也就是半联动状态,此时稳住离合不要动,然后快速松开脚刹并加油起步上坡,车辆平稳起步后在慢慢松完离合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm4GQUcUkmYsciG09rNrmHe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":426,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"2、坡道定点停车和起步","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ce799e2f37a64e0bae52b264fb05eab5","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnceSQ2GOy6yK4IrRYAvRxsc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":4},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"单边桥","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6ua4sqqiMSOWGGCwuUIHBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于单边桥来说,基本是没有什么技巧的,注意以下几点即可:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaUCOqSEge4GeYNDrVYusvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、车速不宜太慢,太慢车身容易左右晃,从而导致重心不稳;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGqIeE2a24gMAsxYmqTD08b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、目光放远看,不要盯着轮胎接触位置,有了宏观视野驾驶才会平稳,如果光盯着车轮看,一旦有偏差,手就会不自觉地左右晃动把手去调整,从而影响结果;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoCcQ0WOsO4ykqstOXVw7Ye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、上桥后手臂要放松,把手不要握太紧,过度紧张的话,在调整方向时容易用力过猛。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqk84WSMCUkWOkNpq1E3oey"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":419,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"3、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"单边桥","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e104d1eb2aff43e8a6be7bd78ab4acd2","width":729},"text":"","id":"doxcn0oO4OkGyeWyGs1Otgu7Pag"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"三轮摩托车","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWWGk4m46yQyoYHEpD79wxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试内容主要是桩考、坡道定点停车和起步、通过单边桥。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6GC4uqU2sIaU8K7pTIAPfb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":4},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"桩考","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU0SiYY4iUweEK4ZIm6SGHc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在桩考开始后,我们要把握进桩的速度和角度,不然会导致没有足够的转向空间,会导致压线。所以我们应该从边线和标杆的中间位置一档进入,保持半联动状态,需要油门和离合的正确配合,在考试过程中,一定慢而稳,但也不能太慢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWwKcm4oQG4ieyeFj4wLTzb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"1、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"桩考","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/185e62d8284e49e981c664d3c1cac719","width":1080},"text":"","id":"doxcno2qGEmYEuEw24SSVscGlQe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":4},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、坡道定点停车和起步","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4wQsOoOUs2SU6oEzWLAMwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"坡上起步有四种方法,分别是:手刹法、半联动","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"发","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、直接起步法、一脚两用法。其中直接起步法比较简单,只需要直接松开刹车,马上踩油门,拉开手刹即可,这种方法只需要多架联系,在考场上就会很简单。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmoAe48M8WCcqYh3nDQMxEw"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":533,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"2、坡道定点停车和起步","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fd1d4704ff8c44438491aa38e7a421c2","width":800},"text":"","id":"doxcnCMI6S0i8W86oCU4MjVTwBh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":4},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、通过单边桥","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI02S2qmysKUquKfEIWeQAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在通过单边桥时,需挂二档,在上桥前保持好心态,身体也要平稳,找好上桥角度,切记不要踩着离合不放,早点松离合,给油。使车平稳地骑上单边桥。合理的控制好车速。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG6EiuGMK8Ew6iUBzJsYHad"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":436,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"3、通过单边桥","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/727e7e4b0f7a4fecabb5576be19de725","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnyMMGgE8oYWsSMt6E6I7x7b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"科目三实战练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkc8wqoGU8suK29t7c0rKge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"摩托车科目三的考试内容由省级公安机关交通管理部门确定,一般会连同科目二合并考。科目三考试内容:起步、直线行驶、变更车道、通过路口、靠边停车、掉头等项目。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngSIe0QyUqayO4ryHwCx3Wg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":810,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"科目三实战练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20980f388fc340a1a73d684094e23a1e","width":1080},"text":"","id":"doxcn8eWeEQuOey266gCW2kh54g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"详细流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2W0C8YqkSq2qMRG8kYOJ9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①上车前、逆时针绕车一周检查车辆,起步前开左转向灯并向左后方转头观察后方情况,确认安全后起步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIomUuCAyi66Ywm1lQL82QI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②起步后慢松离合,直接并入左侧车道,车正后关闭转向灯,加油提速。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn44CKsw8OWYUaKEmhAE9Jkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③通过人行横道时降速,左右摆头观察情况,前轮到人行横道上进行刹车降速。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmwS4oe2Cc8KaGghsmLTLgc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④通过人行横道后加油、加档。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn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2. cj46自升式钻井平台最大钻井深度

抖音是一款可以拍摄短视频的音乐创意短视频社交软件,也是目前最火的短视频APP,当我们看到那些视频的时候,内心一定有想要创作的想法。

前期筹备

拍摄抖音需要先确定我们的拍摄主题,然后再根据主题来进行脚本创作。一般拍摄主题是根据我们的账号定位来确定的,这两者是息息相关的。

账号定位

如果我们仔细观察就会发现抖音上面的大号都有各自的特色,但内容上却都是统一的。比如抖音账号“虎哥说车”,他的定位就是说车的,所以他发布的内容全部是跟汽车有关系的;比如账号“惠子”,她就是靠颜值吸引粉丝的,所以她发布的就是自己的美颜视频;比如账号“郭聪明”就是唱歌的,那么他发布的都是自己的歌曲。

所以我们才说,拍视频之前需要先明确视频的主题是什么,主题往往是跟账号定位有一定关联的。

短视频的主题要十分具体,才能开始接下来的拍摄工作。具体我们可以从两个方面来考虑。

1、选题是否符合作者的个人领域;

针对创作者本人擅长方向,我们定位的时候就选择适合自己的领域,比如我们擅长做美食,那么抖音视频号定位就可以是专做美食的,我们拍摄的视频内容也要选择同领域。

2、主题的内容选择。

确定主题建议从个人擅长内容以及当下的热点来进行考虑。

拍摄脚本

拍摄抖音视频之前,我们需要先设计好拍摄的脚本,把拍摄的流程先构思好,还有拍摄用到的台词、文案都提前准备好,这样才可以拍出高质量作品。

我们寻找灵感的时候可以通过豆瓣点评、知乎等渠道寻找,最好把每个人物的性格和关系搞清楚,考虑好每个场景、细节和表情,也可以参考借鉴优秀的视频作品来编写脚本。

短视频脚本是故事的发展大纲,是指拍摄视频所依靠的大纲底本。

一个最基本的短视频分镜头脚本主要包含了:摄法、景别、内容、台词等内容,那么我们在撰写短视频脚本时,也可以根据自己制作短视频的需求,酌情添加或者删减,根据脚本模板,填充内容。

短视频脚本创作的6大要素一般包含以下内容:短视频主题、镜头景别、画面内容、台词、时长、运镜。

1、短视频核心内容

抖音短视频脚本撰写的第一步就是根据拍摄主题确定核心内容。

无论你想做一个感人的故事,还是记录生活的一天,都要在脚本中明确,后期的剧情的展开需要围绕核心内容。

2、台词

台词对于抖音短视频而言,是画龙点睛的作用。建议大家在60s的短视频中,尽量不要让文字超过180个字,不然听起来会特别的累。

3、镜头景别

这就是拍摄的时候,选择用远景、全景、中景、近景、特写中的哪一种。

以拍摄人物为例的话:

远景:把整个人和环境拍摄在画面中,常用来表现事件发生的时间、环境等场景。例如:办公室人物。

全景:较远景偏近一点,常用来表现人物的全身动作,或者是人物之间的关系。例如:舞蹈短视频。

中景:拍摄人物膝盖至头顶画面,重点在于显示人物的形体动作。

近景:指拍摄人物胸部以上至头部的部位,常用来表现表情、神态等细微动作。例如:毛光光柜姐形象。

特写:对人物的眼睛、鼻子、嘴、手指等细节进行拍摄,适合用来表现需要突出的细节。例如:美妆产品手部展示。

根据不同的主题要求,抖音短视频脚本中所使用的景别是有所区别的,这方面的内容需要大家有更多的学习经验积累。建议大家上网下载一些教程进行学习。

4、画面内容

内容就是把你想要表达的东西通过各种场景方式进行呈现,即拆分剧本,把内容拆分在每一个镜头里面。

5、拍摄时长

抖音短视频脚本中的时长指的是单个镜头的时长。建议大家提前标注清楚,方便后期剪辑的时候,更快找到重点,提高工作效率。

6、运镜

运镜指的就是镜头的运动方式。

"推"

"推"是最常见的一种运镜技巧。在拍摄的时候,镜头缓慢向前移动,不断地推进,靠近拍摄主体,拍摄主体在画面中的比例逐渐变大。这种运镜技巧能够起到聚焦、突出拍摄主体的作用。比如要拍摄一个人物,镜头向前推进的过程中,人物在画面中的比例逐渐变大,让人物更中突出。

即使是拍摄没有主体的场号,“推”的运镜方式也会让视频更有代入感。

“拉”

“拉”与“推”的运镜方式刚好相反。在拍的过程中,镜头逐渐向后拉远,让镜头远离拍摄主体,成片的视觉效果也与“推”相反。“拉”的运镜技巧能够起到交代环境、突出现场的作用,让看视频的人了解拍摄主体所在的环境特点,增加画面的氛围。

“转”

“转”的运镜技巧,能给视频增加一种独特的视觉效果。其拍摄方法也很简单,常见有两种操作方式。

第一种是站在原地拍摄,在拍摄过程中旋转镜头,旋转角度没有特定的要求,但是在拍摄素材的时候尽量拍摄360度,以方便后期剪辑的时候截取素材。此时如果选择的角度不够。后期就无法增加素材。

第二种是围绕着拍摄主体进行旋转拍摄,这种方式能全方位地展现拍摄主体。旋转拍摄的时候,因为是动态拍摄,所以要控制好移动的速度。

“移”

“移”可以理解为平行移动,移动的方向可以是横向,也可以是纵向,或者倾斜一定的角度。但是移动的轨迹要以直线为主,不要无规则地移动。

单个镜头拍完就停止,然后再拍摄下一个镜头,单个镜头里尽量不要使用多种运镜技巧,因为会造成混乱的视觉效果。

比如拍摄辽阔的自然风光,可以采用横向的水平移动;拍摄高大的主体如建筑、山峰等,可以采用纵向移动;拍摄小场景也可以使用这一运镜技巧。它适用的场景很多,但是一定要注意保证手机是直线移动而不是原地不动的。

“穿”

“穿”可以理解为穿越、穿过的意思,当拍摄的时候,需要在手机和拍摄主体之间寻找一个前景,因为要穿越的就是这个前景。

“穿”的运镜技巧可以让视频画面增加层次感和空间感,因为有了前景的衬托,有了远近的对比,才能让画面有身临其境的代入感。但是前景不能喧宾夺主,它只是起到衬托的作用,比如栏杆的缝隙、门窗、树叶的缝隙等都可以作为前景来使用。拍摄的时候结合“推”和“拉”的运镜技巧,穿过前景,然后聚焦在拍摄主体上。

“跟”

“跟”的运镜技巧可以理解为跟随,拍摄移动的主体时,镜头一直跟随拍摄主体移动。比如在后边跟随拍摄一个向前走动的人,或者在前面拍摄向镜头走过来的人。镜头和主体同步运动,可以保证拍摄主体在画面中的比例是不变的,跟随拍摄也能让画面增加代入感。

“摇”

“摇”的拍摄方法和效果与“移”类似,但是拍摄的时候,摇镜头是指原地不动地旋转手机或者相机,镜头是弧形移动的。比如站在原地拿好手机,镜头从左向右拍摄,手机移动的路径是一个弧形,也可以向上拍摄,记住关键点就是原地不动。“摇”会逐一展示镜头前的场景,让画面更有代入感。

脚本怎么写

写脚本之前需要先了解脚本的结构,这样写出来会比较符合拍摄,下面我们先来介绍下脚本的结构。

脚本的结构

脚本的整体结构分为:开头吸引观众目光、中间进入主题内容、最后深化主题内容三部分。

1、再好的脚本,也需要遵循一定的主题和定位,来明确写作的方向;以30秒为例,当一条视频被人点击之后,如果在开头的5秒种内无法吸引兴趣,这条视频可能就直接被人划过去转向下一条;

所以在脚本的一开头,我们要把吸引观众的内容先呈现出来,这样才能吸引观众看下去。

2、接下来的10秒钟,需要进入主题,包装亮点,继续吸引受众观看;

3、最后的15秒,需要将主题深化,带来一些有意思的见解,并与受众互动、引导点赞、转发和关注等行为。

脚本写作的基本步骤:

1、先介绍故事梗概。

2、写出分集发展大纲。

3、剧情细化到每个场景,人物对话(动作、表情、心理活动、人物之间的关系等提示)。

脚本(偏重于镜头的剧本)的写作格式如下:

第一场 地点 日或夜 内或外

A:(台词)

B:(台词)

创作常用方法

1、嵌套法

嵌套法的目的,是用来解决视频可能出现的3个问题:

1)信息量单薄;

2)用户缺乏吐槽点;

3)视频缺乏耐看性;

那么如何实现嵌套呢?

1)制作一个故事脚本;

2)制作第二个故事脚本;

3)通过一个嵌入点,把第二个故事脚本嵌入第一个脚本;

4)如此循环往复,直至无穷;

2、代入法

先给主题构建一个“代入法”的场景,可以让团队在这个“画框”内,不断带入各种各种元素,实现轻松创意复制。比如主题是“卖车”,大家可以想象,卖车有哪些环节好玩、有趣、有冲突:

1)发传单可以有冲突——花式发传单;

2)顾客电话邀约有冲突——顾客的花式拒绝,顾客的花式勾搭;

3)到店接待有冲突——新来的小姐姐这样接待客人;

3、四维还原法

1)内容还原把热门视频用文字描述一遍,因为在展开过程中,无数细节会被记录并展开出来,信息量得到完整呈现。

2)评论还原看看抖友们,看了这个视频是什么反应。

3)身份还原通过对受众、点赞回复用户的身份反查,找到他们是谁,他们关心什么,他们为什么关心这个爆款视频。

4)策略逻辑还原。这个视频是给谁看的?主流用户是谁?发什么给他们看?

4、模仿法

1)随机模仿看见什么视频火,自己照样子拍一个,比如最近两天比较火的大头、踢瓶盖。

2)系统模仿找到对标的账号、IP,抖音内外都可,分析其经典桥段、套路,不等它在抖音火,就模仿拍摄一个。

如果看了上面的介绍还是不知道脚本怎么写,那么可以看看专门介绍写脚本的课程,这样更加清楚、直接。

脚本分镜头创作方法:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1QZ4y1r7tQ/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

短视频脚本创作:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1c3411v7Cw/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

脚本写作技巧

脚本不同于其他写作形式,重点在于如何把平面语言转化为镜头语言,镜头语言不止是看得见的文字,还包括看不见的内容。脚本的写作业需要遵循一定的逻辑和步骤:

1、从无到有的过程中,需要选择一个主题,根据主题来梳理脚本大纲、框架结构

2、脚本需要有贯穿全篇的主线,并且需要有必要的内容来支撑主线的发展

3、场景的包装,人物角色的设定,场景和人物的协调表现

4、视频通常会受到时间长度的限制,需要在有限的时间内,安排上精炼、合适、精准的内容,并需要主要前后的逻辑关系

5、点明主题,深化主题内涵,引起精神共鸣或设置悬念为观众带来思考

矛盾是支撑情节发展的核心要素,视频内容的丰富离不开矛盾的设置。

1、结合场景、人物、情节等因素,设置好冲突和转折,“意料之外情理之中”,可以是人物的冲突、语言的冲突、场景的冲突、肢体的冲突、表情的冲突等等;需要结合联想、谐音、一词多意、双关、旧词新解、反转等手法

2、需要掌握一定的常用题材、场景、拍摄手法

3、来源于生活,反映生活,服务生活

脚本课程推荐

抖音短视频脚本简单几步,小白也能快速上手:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Dp4y1h7ve/

短视频制作脚本撰写:https://www.bilibili.com/video/av501191474/?p=16

分析同行内容

我们在拍摄短视频之前可以先分析下同行拍摄的内容,学习学习经验,这样会有利于自己拍摄出好的作品。

首先我们要分析他为什么火?

我们可以将点赞量大于10W的视频都收集起来,作为重点分析的对象,带着以下四个问题去分析:

①该视频的视频形式我能做出来吗?

②该视频内容我能否做出来?

③这类账号如何变现?我是否有资源?

④我能否长时间做这类视频?

给大家一个好用的表格,用来分析数据很方便,把标题、点赞量、评论量、转发量、视频链接作为表头,如下所示。

前期拍摄视频的时候,我们如果不知道怎么制作内容,那么就可以借鉴我们的分析成果,模仿这些优质的视频,后期再开始创新。

注册账号并编辑好资料后,就可以上传视频了。

对于新手来说,想要短时间内上热门,最好的方法就是模仿,我要模仿那些点赞量高的视频。

这里有两点给大家说:

①平台的风气就是模仿,大家可以发现,只要有一个梗上了热门,就会出现大量的模仿者,而他们模仿的视频,还依旧能上热门。

②热门视频是经过用户的检测的,模仿的作品,大概率会上热门,能快速试错。

视频拍摄

拍抖音的步骤

1、打开手机软件商店,点击下载,然后下载抖音APP,安装抖音APP。

2、打开抖音App,之后点击抖音下方的加号键;

3、然后点击屏幕左下方的特效或道具,接着选择想要的特效或道具;

4、点击上方选择音乐,可以添加背景音乐;

5、然后点击屏幕中的拍摄按钮,开始拍摄视频;

6、在拍摄完成之后,接着点击下一步;

7、最后再点击发布就可以了,这样就能发布自己拍摄的抖音小视频了。

拍摄方式

远程控制暂停

拍摄视频的时候,如果手机隔得比较远,可以使用拍摄里面的“倒计时”功能。例如我们只要拍摄10s就暂停,可以将暂停拉杆拖到10s的位置处即可。然后点击“开始拍摄”拍摄,当拍摄到第10s的时候就会自动暂停。这样拍摄的时候,自己可以在手机随着自己的需求来拍摄不同的风格。

具体的拍摄技巧可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。

远程控制暂停:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1PB4y1Q743/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

调整播放速度

拍摄视频的时候可以调节播放速度,快慢速度调整就是调整音乐和视频的匹配。如果选择“快”或者“极快”,拍摄的时候音乐就会放慢,相应的视频成品中的画面就会加快;反之,如果选择“慢”或者“极慢”,拍摄时的音乐就会加快,成品中的画面就会放慢。

具体的拍摄技巧可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。

调节播放速度:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ZK411V778/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

拍摄分段视频

抖音可以拍摄分段视频,拍摄一段视频后点击暂停,然后再拍摄另外一段视频,最后把这两段视频拼接起来成为一个完整的视频,这就是分段视频。

例如很多达人拍摄的“变装视频”用的就是分段视频拍摄手法。但是拍摄分段视频的时候,拍摄内容不要牛头不对马嘴,前面一个视频拍摄的是一个内容,后面的视频拍的又是另一个内容,这样会让用户看起来觉得很乱,不知道你要表达什么内容。

操作方法:

1、进入抖音App后,打开发布视频功能。

2、打开录制长视频

进入发布视频功能后,打开长视频功能。

3、进行分段拍摄

进入录制视频页面后,开始录制视频,录制完成一段视频后点击暂停录制按钮,停止录制视频,然后在选择开始录制,进行录制下一段视频即可。

转场

静态转场:

静态转场的时候参照物不是变的。

如果你想做出秒换服装的效果,就必须是除了服装款式以外,屏幕内其他东西都保持不变,包括本人的动作表情之类的因素也要保持不变。同样的,如果想换背景,就以上一个场景的最后一个动作作为下一个场景的开始继续拍摄,这样动作看起来就是连贯的。

动态转场:

动态转场中动作要保持连贯性,连贯的含义就是上一个场景中的动作要无缝衔接到下一个场景,比如这个场景你正在做向下蹲的动作,蹲到一半暂停了,下一个场景中你也要从刚刚蹲到一半的地方继续往下蹲。

动态转场有三种,第一摄像机不动,主体动作的连贯。第二主体物不动,摄像机拍摄方向的连贯。第三主体物和摄像机都动,且前后连贯。

1、摄像机不动,主体动作的连贯

例:上一个场景中你伸出手拳头盖住摄像头,下一个场景你也要是以同样的姿势收回你的拳头,中间你可以换衣服换背景甚至换另外一个人。你还可以手伸向摄像头,暂停后切换成后置摄像头,开拍的时候手继续向前伸出去,最后看起来就像是你的手穿过了手机屏幕一样。当然了,要想最后成品效果好,除了要改变的东西变化以外,其他元素都要尽量保持不变。

2、主体物不动,摄像机拍摄方向的连贯

所谓拍摄镜头的连贯性就是比如,上一个场景用左手把手机从中间水平移动到左边,下一个场景就要用右手把手机从右边移回中间,这样最终的效果看起来就像是镜头绕了一圈。

3、主体物和摄像机都动,且前后连贯如果有另一个人帮你拍,你可以试试这种。比如你头向右看,摄像机跟着你往右拍。暂停,换另一个人另一个场景,同样让摄像机从左向右拍。最后的成果看起来就像是PPT里面有一个后一帧推走前一帧的转场效果。

操作方法:

1、进入抖音App后,打开发布视频功能。

2、在拍摄页面,点击相册,选择需要的素材。

3、选择视频,点击下一步。

4、接着点击下一步。

5、在选择音乐页面,点击特效。

6、选择转场,接着选中想要的特效,点击保存。

7、返回后,点击下一步,设置好后,点击发布,这样添加转场特效的视频就发布成功。

合拍蹭热门

合拍就是与达人一起合拍一个视频,比如最近很火的“合拍唱歌”,唱热门歌曲,一人唱一句歌词。

具体的拍摄技巧可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。

抖音合拍视频:https://jingyan.baidu.com/article/ff42efa9ee8b0dc19e2202a0.html

拍摄技巧

1、拍摄不能手抖

拍摄视频的时候千万不能手抖,手抖拍出来的视频都是模糊不清的。要时刻保持正确的对焦,这样才能拍摄出清晰的视频效果。

我们可以把手机放在支架上或使用自拍杆拍摄,这样拍摄出来的画面比较稳定。

2、学会利用光线

拍摄短视频时光线十分重要,好的光线布局可以有效提高画面质量。尤其是在拍摄人像时要多用柔光,会增强画面美感,要避免明显的暗影和曝光如果光线不清晰,可以手动打光,灯光打在人物的脸上或用反光板调节。

光线不好的地方,可以开启闪光灯功能拍摄,还可以购买个专业的外置闪光灯,自由调节外置闪光灯的亮度。

在天气好的时候,可以尝试逆光拍摄,在拍摄界面可以对准高光区域进行测光,即可拍出艺术感十足的剪影大片。

3、切换场景

在拍摄视频之前要确定好自己拍摄的主题是什么、内容是什么,根据视频内容来选定拍摄场景,并且,我们可以根据视频的内来换多个拍摄场景。如可以从远处将镜头推近,或者可以从近处将镜头拉远,甚至可以斜着拍,来避免视频过于单调,让视频画面更加生动。根据不同的拍摄手法与拍摄场景来不断丰富自己视频的内容。

4、提高发布作品的清晰度

①使用手机原相机拍摄:

手机相机设置1080P HD,60fps;

用剪映加美颜,调节参数亮度+10、对比度+10、饱和度+10、色温-8、锐化+60;

导出设置调1080P 60fps;

②用抖音相机拍摄:降低曝光、清晰度调到最高;

打开画质增强;

发布设置点击高清发布;

③真人出镜用轻颜相机APP拍摄,补光灯补光。

后期剪辑

拍摄视频的时候有些技巧需要使用视频剪辑软件,我们可以选择剪映进行操作。

比如说视频变速功能,就可以在剪映里面制作出来。

打开剪映,点击页面中的加号按钮。

选择最下方的剪映工具栏对视频素材【剪切、配音和加特效】。

点击视频编辑条使用下方编辑工具箱【分割、变速和添加动画】。

选择视频,点击变速,可以调整视频播放的速度。

点击添加音频,选择自己喜欢的音乐。

剪辑完成后,点击右上角的导出。

点击下方的一键分享到抖音,还可以直接打开抖音发布这个视频。

剪映操作步骤

第一、准备视频素材点击【添加到项目】导入到剪映编辑界面。

第二、选择下方的剪映工具栏对视频素材【剪切、配音和加特效】。

第三、点击视频编辑条使用下方编辑工具箱【分割、变速和添加动画】。

第四、点击【添加音频】选择音乐为视频加入背景音乐。

第五、点击动画设置视频片段转场动画效果。

第六、视频制作完成后设置分辨率点击【导出】按钮即可。

准备视频素材点击【添加到项目导入】到剪映编辑界面。

网上有很多剪映的功能教程,如果想学习更多剪辑方式,可以在网上观看一些网络教程,简单易学。

教程推荐:

剪映基础入门

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1eP41157vE/?p=2&spm_id_from=pageDriver

一小时学会剪映

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Gz4y1Z7ug/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

发布视频

视频拍摄好了之后我们可以观看下视频,然后把不合适的地方剪切掉,把视频剪辑一下,让视频看起来更加完善,这样就可以发布了。

发布视频的时候还可以添加热点标签,在发布视频的页面可以点击“添加标签”,然后根据视频内容选择标签,这样也可以带来一部分流量,最后点击发布就行。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"抖音是一款可以拍摄短视频的音乐创意短视频社交软件,也是目前最火的短视频APP,当我们看到那些视频的时候,内心一定有想要创作的想法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FoWKdc2MmoeKqWxQJjncMzECnQf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"前期筹备","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KKKydOkUKowg8oxaeaPcV8fdn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拍摄抖音需要先确定我们的拍摄主题,然后再根据主题来进行脚本创作。一般拍摄主题是根据我们的账号定位来确定的,这两者是息息相关的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CwQyd602coKGCExnJA2cbEIknwo"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"账号定位","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T0KgduMeKoYcEqxAL6qcbcPDnjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果我们仔细观察就会发现抖音上面的大号都有各自的特色,但内容上却都是统一的。比如抖音账号“虎哥说车”,他的定位就是说车的,所以他发布的内容全部是跟汽车有关系的;比如账号“惠子”,她就是靠颜值吸引粉丝的,所以她发布的就是自己的美颜视频;比如账号“","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"郭聪明","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"”就是唱歌的,那么他发布的都是自己的歌曲。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LUCwdIe48oai8sxaofIcAbbynYe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所以我们才说,拍视频之前需要先明确视频的主题是什么,主题往往是跟账号定位有一定关联的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PuGKdCiyioIKq0xIjmFct5FWn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"短视频的主题要十分具体,才能开始接下来的拍摄工作。具体我们可以从","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"两个方面","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"来考虑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E6Oed6om0oKggKxCoYpc61CHn2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、选题是否符合作者的个人领域;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cus6dWg6SoeOQIxmCNWcCsLfn0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"针对创作者本人擅长方向,我们定位的时候就选择适合自己的领域,比如我们擅长做美食,那么抖音视频号定位就可以是专做美食的,我们拍摄的视频内容也要选择同领域。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A6EwdsOyOo4ggSxAXk7cr4eznrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、主题的内容选择。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Yk6AdWyIcou20Kx2bpccrb32nRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"确定主题建议从个人擅长内容以及当下的热点来进行考虑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HmsMd6oUaoEswExEFEjc241Tnjf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"拍摄脚本","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Vy0ed2GGqo8OI4xsn64ckRgLnef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拍摄抖音视频之前,我们需要先设计好拍摄的脚本,把拍摄的流程先构思好,还有拍摄用到的台词、文案都提前准备好,这样才可以拍出高质量作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QwW4dYSWGoMCuux8xgGco4NmnGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们寻找灵感的时候可以通过豆瓣点评、知乎等渠道寻找,最好把每个人物的性格和关系搞清楚,考虑好每个场景、细节和表情,也可以参考借鉴优秀的视频作品来编写脚本。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CUIedE6mCo2yuWxE5LZcZ0CFnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"短视频脚本是故事的发展大纲,是指拍摄视频所依靠的大纲底本。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QomydiWecoY2W6xc97VcOSEDnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一个最基本的短视频分镜头脚本主要包含了:摄法、景别、内容、台词等内容,那么我们在撰写短视频脚本时,也可以根据自己制作短视频的需求,酌情添加或者删减,根据脚本模板,填充内容。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OYiQdmCugoWOKMxwn6ocwrMgnGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"短视频脚本创作的6大要素一般包含以下内容:短视频主题、镜头景别、画面内容、台词、时长、运镜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YEMwdKCgOocoUsxYjAaccinAn8c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、短视频核心内容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CYUAdkmSIoygguxcjGpcD8nhn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"抖音短视频脚本撰写的第一步就是根据拍摄主题确定核心内容。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ss6kdc2GUoYoAux0inaclitLn3e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"无论你想做一个感人的故事,还是记录生活的一天,都要在脚本中明确,后期的剧情的展开需要围绕核心内容。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EaYOdguI0oeYcqxymQwcVdOxntc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、台词","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZG06dm2aGogGYExO8wjcfxdknVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"台词对于抖音短视频而言,是画龙点睛的作用。建议大家在60s的短视频中,尽量不要让文字超过180个字,不然听起来会特别的累。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Twayd2ceKoeiwkxuUetcpqS0nXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、镜头景别","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QyEgdm44aoa8o6xM88acrJO4niW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这就是拍摄的时候,选择用远景、全景、中景、近景、特写中的哪一种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C8eadmwiqoWs0kxxNFUc4ZB3nkl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以拍摄人物为例的话:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J4aUdIcm8oG4OKxq8AocsNW7nYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"远景:把整个人和环境拍摄在画面中,常用来表现事件发生的时间、环境等场景。例如:办公室人物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TkOodWKomocUq4xoLSXcbvQGnkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"全景:较远景偏近一点,常用来表现人物的全身动作,或者是人物之间的关系。例如:舞蹈短视频。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BuCodyA6coOWO2xi0yjc0W6invd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中景:拍摄人物膝盖至头顶画面,重点在于显示人物的形体动作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SS2YdeaqWoUCsGxSqxjcZYS4nff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"近景:指拍摄人物胸部以上至头部的部位,常用来表现表情、神态等细微动作。例如:毛光光柜姐形象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NMGMd6U6QoA4qKxeuRrcLuQmnye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"特写:对人物的眼睛、鼻子、嘴、手指等细节进行拍摄,适合用来表现需要突出的细节。例如:美妆产品手部展示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NiIgd62SWoa0uGxAlnDcaEP7nwd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据不同的主题要求,抖音短视频脚本中所使用的景别是有所区别的,这方面的内容需要大家有更多的学习经验积累。建议大家上网下载一些教程进行学习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V8ok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地点 日或夜 内或外","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N8q8dmciooEA0kxwdeFcecNqnue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"A:(台词)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GYiudWGO2oGCIexkVBLcPqk3nrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"B:(台词)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UiQKduYCIoaOGExkXYOc4kFBnWf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":624,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"脚本怎么写","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2bf6caacb09a4dffb372999e12f68a89","width":1193},"text":"","id":"BskMdoACYoeem0x4uwkcOSxtnpd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作常用方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OIsCdum0AoWomOxIridcryRBn2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、嵌套法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OSywdG6sqo00sgxAhipcr35QnEb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"嵌套法的目的,是用来解决视频可能出现的3个问题:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LCIIdEIUso04C0xw5H2cCfQonSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1)信息量单薄;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IuEed6oiaoo82oxqOaOcWTEznKg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2)用户缺乏吐槽点;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TyGadQUAsoUc0ixSIeYcq7mgn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3)视频缺乏耐看性;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V4WGdgaUKowSsix4CG5cpdTSnle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"那么如何实现嵌套呢?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J0EWdsm4QoIYmkxOegBck95Knsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1)制作一个故事脚本;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z0cSdIEaAoQ6kwxme2QcoaN4ngb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2)制作第二个故事脚本;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YgCUdKMGioCY8cxmuPZch0Bdnzh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3)通过一个嵌入点,把第二个故事脚本嵌入第一个脚本;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HiM8dGeCOoSMuAxS4FfcAopmnOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4)如此循环往复,直至无穷;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSmYdKK4koA86CxcZZrcJELRnBg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"代入法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SKs6dsauuoOmYix8or6cx6nnn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"先给主题构建一个“代入法”的场景,可以让团队在这个“画框”内,不断带入各种各种元素,实现轻松创意复制。比如主题是“卖车”,大家可以想象,卖车有哪些环节好玩、有趣、有冲突:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VYOudwouSouA4Yxof7Icq91dnYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1)发传单可以有冲突——花式发传单;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LQqkdc4seoggAsxEZo8c0zHMnph"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2)顾客电话邀约有冲突——顾客的花式拒绝,顾客的花式勾搭;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EwO6diWEMoYComxyl3Zc1ycXngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3)到店接待有冲突——新来的小姐姐这样接待客人;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cg0EdgAueocgWAxccILchnYqn4K"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、四维还原法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WgG2dS8sCoCAgcxcUfXcB2Ndn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1)内容还原把热门视频用文字描述一遍,因为在展开过程中,无数细节会被记录并展开出来,信息量得到完整呈现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6W0da02IoKOYexg0tTc6U7VnOa"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2)评论还原看看抖友们,看了这个视频是什么反应。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NMuCdesqGoiMcgxwVsKcAxg3n5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3)身份还原通过对受众、点赞回复用户的身份反查,找到他们是谁,他们关心什么,他们为什么关心这个爆款视频。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZesudMeCUoY2YkxUsJkcYMmAn9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4)策略逻辑还原。这个视频是给谁看的?主流用户是谁?发什么给他们看?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C0g2dC8i4okEwux83I5c63ahnhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"模仿法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NMaIdCsuyoyAcMxCQPLcrrRCnjc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1)随机模仿看见什么视频火,自己照样子拍一个,比如最近两天比较火的大头、踢瓶盖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BmwOdKaqioiQoUxsxRWcmPy5nCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2)系统模仿找到对标的账号、IP,抖音内外都可,分析其经典桥段、套路,不等它在抖音火,就模仿拍摄一个。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K4QCdQgAgogGqYxMFiFcTFaZnWh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果看了上面的介绍还是不知道脚本怎么写,那么可以看看专门介绍写脚本的课程,这样更加清楚、直接。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XmW8dsqScoo6gYx8Pxxcr5hynAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"脚本分镜头创作方法:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1QZ4y1r7tQ/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1QZ4y1r7tQ/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VYG2dw6sSoui0oxAtnQcLiU6npc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"短视频脚本创作:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1c3411v7Cw/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1c3411v7Cw/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XWqSdwIcGo0igExO8MxcAy9Hnlh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"脚本写作技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AMoOdMgcaoG4sKxmie1cj18pnJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"脚本不同于其他写作形式,重点在于如何把平面语言转化为镜头语言,镜头语言不止是看得见的文字,还包括看不见的内容。脚本的写作业需要遵循一定的逻辑和步骤:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RSYadyMAUoUIiExCwyIc5J0mnVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、从无到有的过程中,需要选择一个主题,根据主题来梳理脚本大纲、框架结构","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Oy8WdymkcoYSqKxuiGacxhnTnAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、脚本需要有贯穿全篇的主线,并且需要有必要的内容来支撑主线的发展","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IKeSdC2YSo00IYxEJqCcA5LZnqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、场景的包装,人物角色的设定,场景和人物的协调表现","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BWm2dEoo2oY48MxyGXrcgTVMnFx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、视频通常会受到时间长度的限制,需要在有限的时间内,安排上精炼、合适、精准的内容,并需要主要前后的逻辑关系","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MMgCd6QOqoigSGxxBy0clpu1nwR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、点明主题,深化主题内涵,引起精神共鸣或设置悬念为观众带来思考","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H2esdIIW8oMgmAx4Rrjctb5kn7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矛盾是支撑情节发展的核心要素,视频内容的丰富离不开矛盾的设置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OKwGdUiuioqmKexqUTlcl42PnYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、结合场景、人物、情节等因素,设置好冲突和转折,“意料之外情理之中”,可以是人物的冲突、语言的冲突、场景的冲突、肢体的冲突、表情的冲突等等;需要结合联想、谐音、一词多意、双关、旧词新解、反转等手法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KGScd8QQgoaksmxAHAzc9MItnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、需要掌握一定的常用题材、场景、拍摄手法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NqOodY8Ewo8IYWxyOuycEJrYntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、来源于生活,反映生活,服务生活","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KWcedIc0goQ6MOxDWUgcdp7inIg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"脚本课程推荐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T0mqdc6MioYEuwxOkdYcs24Gnbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"抖音短视频脚本简单几步,小白也能快速上手:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Dp4y1h7ve/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Dp4y1h7ve/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WeYidcqoqoW0S0xbhlMcQRkWn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"短视频制作脚本撰写:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/av501191474/?p=16"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/av501191474/?p=16","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rkm4dCgWqo0ysqxSUA2cuoMInsd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分析同行内容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QEA6dIES0o2ygExM1X6cCYOZnJe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们在拍摄短视频之前可以先分析下同行拍摄的内容,学习学习经验,这样会有利于自己拍摄出好的作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J2Kedy0Qqoqi42xEt6ncMJtHnRd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先我们要分析他为什么火?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AamqdeMmqoO6WQxCW9QczsAnnNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们可以将点赞量大于10W的视频都收集起来,作为重点分析的对象,带着以下四个问题去分析:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KE68daAimo0KimxWojKcz5fxnfd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①该视频的视频形式我能做出来吗?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AW64dSmKOokIi8x8jJfcTK2Pnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②该视频内容我能否做出来?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NEQudEWKioisGcx80T9cKuDXntc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③这类账号如何变现?我是否有资源?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E6wyduuwqouWw4xYJv6cZilFnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④我能否长时间做这类视频?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JaiUdMU0Qos2iKxeIGMcaKzkn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"给大家一个好用的表格,用来分析数据很方便,把标题、点赞量、评论量、转发量、视频链接作为表头,如下所示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X8kSdsQCMoy2q0xoBXKcE0BHnmc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":130,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"分析同行内容","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4a5b9152ed4c46919d772341113269bf","width":896},"text":"","id":"O84GdEkS0oGSaOxe8pecHLKdnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"前期拍摄视频的时候,我们如果不知道怎么制作内容,那么就可以借鉴我们的分析成果,模仿这些优质的视频,后期再开始创新。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BGMydkOYMo8QqoxAjCRcQVLtnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注册账号并编辑好资料后,就可以上传视频了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RoO4dwsAiogqSCxmMMzcUb2pnng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于新手来说,想要短时间内上热门,最好的方法就是模仿,我要模仿那些点赞量高的视频。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FKi8dYem2oE0aoxIlp8cwT6jnfe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这里有两点给大家说:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X4UIdkkYqoQ8yaxILiHcX4fpnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①平台的风气就是模仿,大家可以发现,只要有一个梗上了热门,就会出现大量的模仿者,而他们模仿的视频,还依旧能上热门。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PoIodMosuouiykxcZfTcCJr6n0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②热门视频是经过用户的检测的,模仿的作品,大概率会上热门,能快速试错。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BCoMdGM4QouIIQxOQlvcAAs0nld"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"视频拍摄","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QsqwdQ8uiowicyxgfFXcMEDDnAh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"拍抖音的步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EqS4dMg2yoY8Csxsh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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B0EadG6IOoIcwCxc584clHPmnLe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":502,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"远程控制暂停","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e79d8df6bfbb4476bbb016b98fd17874","width":615},"text":"","id":"TSi0dYCemoEUwSxccEicMYB3nQ1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SyYodgu22oa2WMxw9Vvc0s2endf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的拍摄技巧可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U0QwdU066oIquqx2L7CcVdDKnwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"远程控制暂停:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1PB4y1Q743/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1PB4y1Q743/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EM6cdycyooAEYExaemPc5s17nWd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调整播放速度","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HUY0dsSago0iCQxuMRYc5aT5nqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拍摄视频的时候可以调节播放速度,快慢速度调整就是调整音乐和视频的匹配。如果选择“快”或者“极快”,拍摄的时候音乐就会放慢,相应的视频成品中的画面就会加快;反之,如果选择“慢”或者“极慢”,拍摄时的音乐就会加快,成品中的画面就会放慢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Scoqdeyw6oaaUmxIsiZcmYZCnuW"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":449,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调整播放速度","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e4f5a8ac397d45e2ac186c5f9bd5fe55","width":431},"text":"","id":"DsaMdewAao66qIxeOF0cObtlnuf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KEeAdGAgWom4A0x3A6scws2KnBQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的拍摄技巧可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WmCqdCgmSoeo6wxsZtGcpCvcnLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调节播放速度:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ZK411V778/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ZK411V778/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NOyCdSWgCoI8WAxYM2ccg9ljnrb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"拍摄分段视频","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FCM2dAS4Qoecm0x9biYcbrc1nMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"抖音可以拍摄分段视频,拍摄一段视频后点击暂停,然后再拍摄另外一段视频,最后把这两段视频拼接起来成为一个完整的视频,这就是分段视频。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PmOSdEIW0oY48Ax2hejcio3hnif"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如很多达人拍摄的“变装视频”用的就是分段视频拍摄手法。但是拍摄分段视频的时候,拍摄内容不要牛头不对马嘴,前面一个视频拍摄的是一个内容,后面的视频拍的又是另一个内容,这样会让用户看起来觉得很乱,不知道你要表达什么内容。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BeUsdICkooMIOGxei3ccTovQnUe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":724,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"拍摄分段视频","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8e9a8fc1485a43e2a60abb0ba9b5a7eb","width":832},"text":"","id":"GQMmdWguOoKESaxqO8icvMcRnld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"操作方法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EuG0dsscWoMG0yxWC4JcjsiNnVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进入抖音App后,打开发布视频功能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BYeAd6KuqoEUSExk5Grc6Kgpnrf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":357,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"拍摄分段视频","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b47937053205414394cccc6b82a6b8d6","width":620},"text":"","id":"GSCkda2seo04kSxCzsocwZakndN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、打开录制长视频","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N8qmdQkmIoMyksxqCercJJi6nRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进入发布视频功能后,打开长视频功能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L2MqdaSemoY0Cyxc55hcDA2unW8"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":587,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"拍摄分段视频","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7d48494eb5094df7baab3de8d7564c83","width":614},"text":"","id":"PoW0dCio8o2KUWxfS1RcJqPKnHA"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、进行分段拍摄","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NSmCdKMGOoCuiQxYR8ncRlVAnOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进入录制视频页面后,开始录制视频,录制完成一段视频后点击暂停录制按钮,停止录制视频,然后在选择开始录制,进行录制下一段视频即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UAeCduEI2oAqsQxMZ9ccVHc7nYb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":481,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"拍摄分段视频","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/176065cf662f4b29b7e482e835f2de8e","width":620},"text":"","id":"W8gkdSCM6oyCKAx8JMOcQuLpnPc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"转场","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RGsGdeSu2o8s6UxWSuGct7U1ncc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"静态转场:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A6IqdqiwioO8ucxZVXdcIrXGnvu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"静态转场的时候参照物不是变的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KoaGd822qoGqEKxGN0CcJV4Bnlb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你想做出秒换服装的效果,就必须是除了服装款式以外,屏幕内其他东西都保持不变,包括本人的动作表情之类的因素也要保持不变。同样的,如果想换背景,就以上一个场景的最后一个动作作为下一个场景的开始继续拍摄,这样动作看起来就是连贯的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QgSmdOK4ioawkuxIRBocM1Kqnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"动态转场:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QU2adqW6Oo2IY8xMrzFcPDnUnfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"动态转场中动作要保持连贯性,连贯的含义就是上一个场景中的动作要无缝衔接到下一个场景,比如这个场景你正在做向下蹲的动作,蹲到一半暂停了,下一个场景中你也要从刚刚蹲到一半的地方继续往下蹲。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AAGedywwcowQCAxEJBpc6EdVnrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"动态转场有三种,第一摄像机不动,主体动作的连贯。第二主体物不动,摄像机拍摄方向的连贯。第三主体物和摄像机都动,且前后连贯。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FSgGdKieuoSGOWxAZvyc3l6Pnde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、摄像机不动,主体动作的连贯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OMAKdYY4KoYOSOxghwOckdUKnOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例:上一个场景中你伸出手拳头盖住摄像头,下一个场景你也要是以同样的姿势收回你的拳头,中间你可以换衣服换背景甚至换另外一个人。你还可以手伸向摄像头,暂停后切换成后置摄像头,开拍的时候手继续向前伸出去,最后看起来就像是你的手穿过了手机屏幕一样。当然了,要想最后成品效果好,除了要改变的东西变化以外,其他元素都要尽量保持不变。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rwg0dG0GQoe6oQxKX1GcsGv8npb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、主体物不动,摄像机拍摄方向的连贯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rk6Gdi8MYoM2SmxeSppclPx6nSf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓拍摄镜头的连贯性就是比如,上一个场景用左手把手机从中间水平移动到左边,下一个场景就要用右手把手机从右边移回中间,这样最终的效果看起来就像是镜头绕了一圈。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XS82d60oUoKi6kxe0DYcCbEQnOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、主体物和摄像机都动,且前后连贯如果有另一个人帮你拍,你可以试试这种。比如你头向右看,摄像机跟着你往右拍。暂停,换另一个人另一个场景,同样让摄像机从左向右拍。最后的成果看起来就像是PPT里面有一个后一帧推走前一帧的转场效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N2sodqEqiouaE2x2BA9cSEpZnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"操作方法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZAwYdakWUoSiQuxGsQzcNKMqnZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进入抖音App后,打开发布视频功能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WM8idGUaIoeSuoxOQlecmwSLnDh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":357,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"转场","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ad8874948830434c9439d69109c7a67c","width":620},"text":"","id":"Ziisd2Ee8om2MGxukg3cj702nee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在拍摄页面,点击相册,选择需要的素材。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PQoId6SeioI686x8dK7cipOlnok"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":425,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"转场","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/871c83651424436bb796d6f34599435c","width":624},"text":"","id":"CM86dKwqoo62gsxgVW8caJLQn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、选择视频,点击下一步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KKcYdMCE2oMsAwxIBi2ch7V5nzb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":601,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"转场","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/352ec37eb3654624836afcb077c21e21","width":635},"text":"","id":"DsEkdMEIioY8ScxhtiWcmabVnwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、接着点击下一步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CyUIdYcw6o0ym6xGgJicy9umnwh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":735,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"转场","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2334a7ab729b40ee9e71454cbe6f7771","width":383},"text":"","id":"BeoEdGW8CosKE6xIxfDc8bLYnjh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、在选择音乐页面,点击特效。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dq2qdk42YoUuMoxymKhc7ToKnqf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":617,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"转场","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7ff56938ec42431998a984ea642dbac3","width":400},"text":"","id":"AWcGdIuwqo4gYuxuQkVcoc3QnYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、选择转场,接着选中想要的特效,点击保存。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PmycdWeqioCAmux8zjtcfvcnnAd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":802,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"转场","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/18f3435311db477d9c34fccd95b67831","width":380},"text":"","id":"GuWqdsQaUoSw8ExhcDbcUuvhnxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、返回后,点击下一步,设置好后,点击发布,这样添加转场特效的视频就发布成功。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WIaQdmoWgo6MOoxIXiIc3fUFn5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"合拍蹭热门","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4yedoaCGoyyeWxULjYcCBYvncc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"合拍就是与达人一起合拍一个视频,比如最近很火的“合拍唱歌”,唱热门歌曲,一人唱一句歌词。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wu6SdQAmYoaAAMx6PqncXJvTnze"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":574,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"转场","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c8018e68c22e4731bbd79fa44582eafd","width":623},"text":"","id":"ZiQsdIYoaoMu4Cx2DDkcZmnznJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的拍摄技巧可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HsIkdIwMKowQICx61Qxcr2kmn6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"抖音合拍视频:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://jingyan.baidu.com/article/ff42efa9ee8b0dc19e2202a0.html"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://jingyan.baidu.com/article/ff42efa9ee8b0dc19e2202a0.html","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xq6mdoguuo86C0x6ICVcjnTYnOh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"拍摄技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HEuMdA8IYo260Gx04VGcPEXfnth"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、拍摄不能手抖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HCYgdsKeuoQ4KExWOqCcxuHVnOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拍摄视频的时候千万不能手抖,手抖拍出来的视频都是模糊不清的。要时刻保持正确的对焦,这样才能拍摄出清晰的视频效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IkGOdeicQomIeGx8erHckS2UnCb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们可以把手机放在支架上或使用自拍杆拍摄,这样拍摄出来的画面比较稳定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOc8dwAwQoisqKxwTpNcTQPdnch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、学会利用光线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YysQdOIiYowMaQx2xuvcUVDynog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拍摄短视频时光线十分重要,好的光线布局可以有效提高画面质量。尤其是在拍摄人像时要多用柔光,会增强画面美感,要避免明显的暗影和曝光如果光线不清晰,可以手动打光,灯光打在人物的脸上或用反光板调节。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0y8dqsoIoAaOIx0mPIcApnUnNb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"光线不好的地方,可以开启闪光灯功能拍摄,还可以购买个专业的外置闪光灯,自由调节外置闪光灯的亮度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LsYOdi6YUoUs2ixyUi3ceHonngQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在天气好的时候,可以尝试逆光拍摄,在拍摄界面可以对准高光区域进行测光,即可拍出艺术感十足的剪影大片。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RaMId2UGiouGE8x6kijcM6yxnzh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、切换场景","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q4aQd6eiWo4KSgxugAScVXumnig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在拍摄视频之前要确定好自己拍摄的主题是什么、内容是什么,根据视频内容来选定拍摄场景,并且,我们可以根据视频的内来换多个拍摄场景。如可以从远处将镜头推近,或者可以从近处将镜头拉远,甚至可以斜着拍,来避免视频过于单调,让视频画面更加生动。根据不同的拍摄手法与拍摄场景来不断丰富自己视频的内容。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JQsYdQag0oeOgqxiCmNcU7Lzn6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、提高发布作品的清晰度","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VQYCduU44o6mgAxsPA5cNrLRnQc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①使用手机原相机拍摄:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OAI2dM6WIoyAOmxiy8ocVs91nCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手机相机设置1080P HD,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"60fps","id":""},{"type":"text","text":";","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KuQcdqmyuoAAs8xUF2JclMo6n3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用剪映加美颜,调节参数亮度+10、对比度+10、饱和度+10、色温-8、锐化+60;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LEEqdyMGyoOkuGx8AKvcCptNndc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"导出设置调1080P 60fps;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ou4md08qUoaUIAxttGacwGkVnzQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用抖音相机拍摄:降低曝光、清晰度调到最高;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VQCadCmyIo86EcxYvomcAjKxnEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开画质增强;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6iudMSCcoYYkmx4sXMco6ayn8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发布设置点击高清发布;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Am0OdYys6oaK2WxiW06cn7Skn5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③真人出镜用轻颜相机APP拍摄,补光灯补光。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qckud4c26oCScuxkRzicFqhMnTd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"后期剪辑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FmiudqmiOoWaM0xEzlvctgTIn7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拍摄视频的时候有些技巧需要使用视频剪辑软件,我们可以选择剪映进行操作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FWsydM8qcoYQmcxmr62c0GuWnkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如说视频变速功能,就可以在剪映里面制作出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MuOydeykmoAkoMxSgCwcZRldnKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开剪映,点击页面中的加号按钮。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BWMUdqkCioQqMyxaYxXckSAknbf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":415,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"后期剪辑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bd526ec58cc04f18add2a396d8c7fbdf","width":525},"text":"","id":"JAe0dCewgowOgIxK2gmcCuU3nYg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择最下方的剪映工具栏对视频素材【剪切、配音和加特效】。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YaMKdEUakoCqO2x0Q4LcQSPgn1c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":405,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"后期剪辑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7817b1ae7259434a833d5628ae1e6a3f","width":527},"text":"","id":"Ce8IdUMUsoQag2xQxl5cAs06nyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点击视频编辑条使用下方编辑工具箱【分割、变速和添加动画】。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OqwodwIoUoqykGxqqKYcyLy4ncb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":772,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"后期剪辑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b97b5d4ba6eb47b39eeb1c6799c9a550","width":399},"text":"","id":"NwM6dKC2YoOGCWxiMBZcfC7xn1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择视频,点击变速,可以调整视频播放的速度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MoiudAyUGomgSixwJaEcCPxXnVg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":645,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"后期剪辑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/561c42408d174446b79da5a3023f65b8","width":314},"text":"","id":"RYosdQM8Oo6I4KxyGenc5UIXncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点击添加音频,选择自己喜欢的音乐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MKycdcSYMomi0kxg9rwc0eUInUg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":619,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"后期剪辑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/374490367ba54148aa6fa1e1f5561511","width":320},"text":"","id":"WAO6dCQWCoYGAcxAy6bcGP7tnbX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"剪辑完成后,点击右上角的导出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jc8uduUkyoUskKxGhwfcFXPUnQa"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":623,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"后期剪辑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c2d5e732ecc54598b3840ce5bde12338","width":315},"text":"","id":"Us44d28ocow2sYx2t8VcXrEongc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点击下方的一键分享到抖音,还可以直接打开抖音发布这个视频。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SWY4dKccyoQQAUxSoYccJSYHnrd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":617,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"后期剪辑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/630e862bc70b466ab7c146200db9bc63","width":316},"text":"","id":"Leeudcgk4ouYwGxknmOctGctntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"剪映操作步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CoiGd2MIsock6OxyEwIcbBaZnlb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一、准备视频素材点击【添加到项目】导入到剪映编辑界面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Lm2sdcEIioqIeSxysVVcU6konkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二、选择下方的剪映工具栏对视频素材【剪切、配音和加特效】。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NsIgd8IO4oAyOSxecGGcHa38nLh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三、点击视频编辑条使用下方编辑工具箱【分割、变速和添加动画】。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JOu2d2s0IoQC8WxmIKvc1xOvnCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第四、点击【添加音频】选择音乐为视频加入背景音乐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jca2dI28ioeUo8xs1MYcJsa6nnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第五、点击动画设置视频片段转场动画效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XKEGdgmWeo4KEgx2b1bcwavBnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第六、视频制作完成后设置分辨率点击【导出】按钮即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R0qSdcSsGogUcqx67bqcGnSPnBw"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"准备视频素材点击【添加到项目导入】到剪映编辑界面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"POoGdSWAgoqUSYxOKMqc0wTFn5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"网上有很多剪映的功能教程,如果想学习更多剪辑方式,可以在网上观看一些网络教程,简单易学。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IUA2dsGwco2MMwxkreec5iVCnyd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"教程推荐:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OU2Qd6YGeoaCQOxaYzEcUXrinNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"剪映基础入门","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HgiudCQOEogYakxeSJOcV6egnId"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1eP41157vE/?p=2\u0026spm_id_from=pageDriver"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1eP41157vE/?p=2\u0026spm_id_from=pageDriver","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KiuEdcWI6oUqSQxusEMcyInvn6d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一小时学会剪映","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JqoMdoKm6oSoamxWsNdcjHtlnOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Gz4y1Z7ug/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Gz4y1Z7ug/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PWYUdYQ6ioO262xW8S0cbDTAnxe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发布视频","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TOy2dscYeowc24xYdjEcwbDwnvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"视频拍摄好了之后我们可以观看下视频,然后把不合适的地方剪切掉,把视频剪辑一下,让视频看起来更加完善,这样就可以发布了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UqQaduA6OoQI24x6KREcJQdXnRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发布视频的时候还可以添加热点标签,在发布视频的页面可以","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"点击“添加标签”,然后根据视频内容选择标签,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"这样也可以带来一部分流量,最后点击发布就行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xg2KdO4Gko4WuaxQL0scQ6RIn1b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WmqqdEKOiokU66xi2xjcn47an0f"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

3. CJ46钻井平台

在时间的沉淀下,家里的物件被刻下岁月的痕迹,出现电路水管老化、设计不合理、采光度差、水质变差、通风不畅、装修过时等问题。我们需要通过“翻新改造”,将更新的美好的装进房子里,让家焕新模样,下面就来聊聊旧房翻新的那些事儿。

旧房翻新做法

局部改造

对房屋局部空间、装饰风格或局部破旧区域进行翻新改造。如厨房翻新、卫生间翻新、墙面重刷等。局改更多基于原始户型结构、功能等前提下,不动原始墙体,保留水电隐蔽工程,费用相对较低,变动小,翻新周期也短。装修期间,可结合翻新改造情况选择是否住在旧房里,当然有条件最好不住在旧房里,等翻新完工通风后再搬进去。

全屋翻新

对房屋进行完整的翻新装修,相比新房装修,多了对原始户型的拆除、布局调整规划。相对而言,全翻费用高,变动大,翻新周期长,同时装修期间没办法住在旧房里。

新房与旧房的区别

1、一般而言,旧房翻新改造都会涉及到拆除,需注意不能动到承重梁,核心水电通道;同时如果是老小区,没有电梯,需考虑拆除垃圾清理成本,需在预算中做考虑;

2、如果只是做局部改造,需对其他不做改动区域的家具家电等物品做成品保护;

3、旧房相对现在的新房而言,由于之前开发商的技术和考虑点相对不如现在周全,在采光、户型、通风等方面较差,所以在翻新时需重点考虑户型的改造、采光通风设计、家具家电的布局;

4、旧房翻新改造会产生较多的建渣需清理,会占用公共资源和打扰邻里住户;最好提前物业、邻里做好沟通,避免在休息时间施工;

5、旧房的结构主要是砖混混凝土+预制板。在拆除和新建墙体的过程中,需要注意是不是承重墙,避免破坏房屋整体承重结构;

6、旧房翻新漏水和墙体裂缝是二次装修工程处理重点,这些地方需要特别注意。

装修前验收

在旧房开始装修前,业主需要请专业的负责人对旧房做一次全面的体检,看房间内哪些地方需要整改。

水工程

注意卫生间原有防水是否有问题、有没有房屋外墙和邻户导致的渗漏、有没有下水道堵塞、原有的水电线路是否存在问题、阳台是否漏水。

对卫生间、阳台做闭水实验,比如浴缸,在浴缸放半缸水过一夜,第二天看浴缸是否漏水,同样的方法用在其他需要检查漏水的地方。还可以与楼上住户商议,检查天花板有无渗水情况。

检查卫生间排风口是否留好,揭开吊顶看管道是否到位。空出来的结构注意尺寸,以后会怎么用,如厨房有个空位,但是不和冰箱尺寸,就很尴尬。

检查水管是否老化,如果只是部分有老化现象,就要标明清楚,装修时进行更换。如果原有的水管是已被淘汰的镀锌管,在施工时要更换为铜管、铝塑复合管或PP-R管。

在洗菜池里多放装几次水,看排水管是否通畅,有无异物堵塞,接口位置是否有渗水现象,其余各个水龙头同理,并且检查水压,现在很多验房公司打水压都要另收钱,不太划算,可以找一家包含打水压在内的来验房。

在水龙头下面接杯水,观察是否有锈迹或其他漂浮物,如果认为供水质量有问题,可以要求开发商提供防疫部门核发的水质检验合格证。

电工程

入户的总用电容量一般都有限额,“双路供电,照明、动力系统分路”是最基本的要求,在配电箱的线路布置中能体现出来。

拉闸断电实验,先拉总闸看是否完全断电,分别关闭分闸,看是否完全控制分支线路,特别要注意是否有零线和火线接反的现象。

每个插座都要检查是否有电,电话插口、宽带插口、电视天线插口、位置是否准确。灯具都开关一遍,看能不能正常使用。厨房的电源是否合理,预留数量是否方便以后使用。空调机外机的预留位置,要预留管线孔。 

验收天、地、墙

检测地面是否平坦,验房师一般用水平仪。墙体转角线是否笔直,平整度如何,是否存在裂缝,墙体厚度是否合格,如果有问题,尽快列入处理清单。

检查是否有空鼓,用空鼓锤敲就能听出,墙砖检测同理,空鼓率在15%以下是可以接受的。吊顶安装要求顶角线和四周墙面配合严密,扣板之间的衔接紧密一致,不能有大的裂缝和翘起,看上去要平整光滑。

测量墙面尺寸,特别是以后需要设计摆放家具的墙面尺寸。

检查地板要看整体配合,脚感应当一致,是否有空鼓、色差、起翘问题,脚踢线与地面贴合程度也要注意。多走动,听踩上去是否有响声。检验漆膜是否光滑,表面是否有气泡、划痕。

检查乳胶漆墙面是否开裂、脱皮,墙纸是否鼓泡卷边、检查瓷砖是否空鼓脱落。

验收结构

核对合同内容和房屋信息,核算套内面积和丈量层高,此步骤可以借助卷尺搞定,一般层高普遍为2.8米,除掉楼板的高度净高度大约在26米左右。利用卷尺可以量出套内实际面积再加上公摊和估算的大致墙体面积,基本可以得出房屋的建筑面积,再将此数据与合同中的面积相比较即可。

之后再看看现有的布局十分现在的居住要求,看看储物空间是否够用。

检查门窗

检查门窗有没有损坏,房子的门窗要检查有没有变形。木门窗没有变形或开裂,就说明材质很好,装修时贴上饰面板材,涂上油漆就可以继续使用;如果变形,就要拆掉,重新制作。

做好预算

通常情况下,旧房翻新装修涉及的问题比新房装修要多些,所以如果是全翻价格预算可能比新房装修高。尤其是在拆墙改造上,既麻烦又费钱。

拆除费

如果与新房装同样的效果,肯定更贵,贵多少呢?拆除费大概是20-500/平米,看项目拆除难易决定。也可以根据拆除难度一口价,如100㎡拆除项目不多3000元。当然,包含清运建渣。

1、铲地板砖的价格是20-30元/平,铲墙铲到底价格是15-18元/平,只铲乳胶漆是5-8元/平;

2、拆木地板是15元/平左右;

3、拆除吊顶30元/平左右,拆除木质门50元/套左右,拆除洁具100元/套左右,拆除灯具100元左右。

设计费

和新房设计费差不多,但如果房子太老,户型不佳设计费相对贵点。普通装修一般为60-120/㎡。

装修材料及施工费

所有装修材料由装修公司提供差不多800-1000/㎡,如果包含家具家电则要1200元/㎡或以上。如果是局部改造的话还需要额外解决家具家电及其他物品的保护费用(成品保护)。

整体而言,旧房翻新改造,如果是全屋翻新,除了拆除费用,其他费用和装修新房差不多。

主体拆改

地面改造

瓷砖地面

从地面开始,如果你觉得原来的地面瓷砖不行,那你可以选择在原有的瓷砖上面铺一层地板。

要在施工前检查瓷砖是否平整、有空鼓,如果有空鼓会导致地板铺不牢,踩上去也容易有嘎吱嘎吱的噪音,这在前面的验收环节也有提及。

地板

检查过后,就该考虑铺哪种地板了。大多数的木地板,包括强化复合地板、实木复合地板、实木地板,都可以直接铺在地砖上,十分方便。

过去为了防潮、提升脚感,铺地板前要先打龙骨,现在铺一层防潮垫就能得到相似的效果,铺两层更佳,并且效率极高,花十几分钟铺好防潮垫以后,就能直接铺地板了。

不过需要注意的是,因为木地板有一定的厚度,地暖热量会有所损失;

如果全屋通铺,地面抬高1.5cm左右,室内门还可能会打不开,需要工人师傅现场锯门。

如果仅对客厅铺设,室内门朝卧室开,就不用担心这点了。

还有朋友会顾虑单铺客厅,室内高低差不一致,容易绊倒,其实也无需多虑,因为过渡的地方,工人都会安装万能扣,平缓衔接,万能扣能够解决室内高低差的问题。

实在介意厚度的话,可以选石塑地板,厚度仅有4mm,价格在几十元到几百元每平米不等,性价比很高。

最好选带锁扣的片材石塑地板,更环保。

瓷砖

有的朋友偏爱瓷砖的质感,不过不推荐大家在原有的瓷砖上直接铺设新瓷砖。

因为不同于木地板,砖上加砖需要对原有瓷砖表面进行打磨处理,等到表面粗糙后,再用瓷砖胶薄贴。瓷砖胶成本贵不说,薄贴施工也不便宜。薄贴施工约150元/㎡包工包料,普通水泥砂浆施工约80元/㎡包工包料,价格翻了一倍。所以如果大家想更换瓷砖的花色,建议大家敲掉原有瓷砖后再更换,相比价格更便宜。

木板地面

如果你原来的地面是木板材料的,你想要改造地板就有两个选择:地板改色和地面重铺。

地板改色与地板翻新是一个道理,需要用打磨机磨掉地板表层1-2mm,能够受此一击的只有实木与三层实木地板,如果你家不属于这两种,这种方法可以直接略过,特别是二手房的地板可能达不到此要求。

打磨后的地板再用砂纸打磨几遍,然后在表层刷上一层油漆/水性漆/木蜡油,起到调色和保护的作用。在这一过程,大家可以选择想要的地板颜色。

而且地板改色翻新未必比敲掉重铺划算。拿北京地区为例,地板翻新价格在50元/㎡左右,敲掉重铺的话,强化复合地板的拆除费(不含清运)价格在30-50元/㎡。

有些小区有专门回收实木地板的,包拆还给回收费。这样算下来,敲掉重铺反而更划算。

不翻新、不敲掉重铺,直接原有地板上铺地板与在瓷砖上铺地板是一个道理,是可以的,并且操作起来更简单,价格也更便宜。

不过如果想要在地板上铺瓷砖就不行了,一是瓷砖粘不牢,二是底层地板假如冷热膨胀,瓷砖会受影响。

地面遮盖

如果你想追求低成本改造,既不想重新铺地板也不想再加盖一层,那么就可以选择使用地毯等遮盖地面的手段。地板如果不合自己心意,就要靠地毯来拯救了,铺设地毯一定要考虑家具色彩搭配,容错率较高的一般是纯色莫兰迪色的地毯,同时后期也要注意清洁。

墙面改造

准备工作

在墙面改造之前,我们需要确认墙面是否需要拆除,如果需要那么要根据设计稿来进行拆墙、砌墙、铲墙皮等工作,格外注意承重墙不能拆除,避免出现安全问题。

矮层的房子,大多是砖混结构,砖混结构的房子,绝大部分的墙都是承重墙,不能随便动。除非墙特别薄(小于120mm),可能是非承重墙。

框架结构的房子,绝大部分的墙,都不是承重墙,可以按你的需求拆掉。但纯框架结构的房子比较少,主要是别墅多一些。

剪力墙/框剪结构是目前大部分高层建筑采用的方式,这种墙就不能简单判断是否是承重墙了。

不能从结构上看,最靠谱的,还是看户型图,如果户型图比较正规,承重墙的墙体一般都标注为黑色。如果还不能确定,最好去物业咨询一下。

墙纸

不想要原来的墙纸,想涂乳胶漆的话,需要先撕掉壁纸,打磨干净以后,看看墙的基层状态如何,如果基层是耐水腻子,状态比较好(没有严重的空鼓、开裂、发霉等现象,墙面的平整度误差在3mm以内),直接刷乳胶漆;如果基层是普通腻子,建议铲除,重新做耐水腻子,再刷乳胶漆。

想在原有墙面上贴墙纸,也很简单,只要墙面光滑平整、不掉粉、不起皮就可以直接贴;如果掉粉严重或是墙面潮湿,需要先刷一层基膜,等基膜干后再贴墙纸。

乳胶漆

如果墙面本来就是乳胶漆的朋友,想要改色的话,如果原色较浅,那就可以直接刷新的。如果原颜色较深,那就需要先打磨,露出腻子层之后再刷漆,刷漆时遵循“一底两面”,刷一层底漆,两层面漆。

底漆不仅能防潮,还有填平和增加面漆附着力的作用,一定要重视。简单点说,底漆就像妆前乳,做不好,后面很可能出现面漆脱落的情况。

水电改造

事前准备

在改造之前要先了解原来的水电安装走向,看看有哪些是可以保留的、哪些需要改造,做到心中有数。当然,这个需要请专业的师傅来施工。

在这之后,请专业的水电师傅按照确定的装修效果图进行改造,业主在现场监督比较好,便于在施工过程中随时协商,看改造的是否符合要求。另外,在施工过程中有什么问题也可以随时解决,节约施工时间。

在水电改造时,一定要注意强电和弱电的分布,并且很好的进行分离,这样才能做到安全第一。

注意事项

确定改造项目

在进行二手房水电改造之前,一定要提前了解清楚整个室内的水电铺设情况,与设计师以及水电工沟通如何改造,确定需要改造的具体工程以及项目。

注意水电材料质量

一般家用水管的材质多选择PVC管,抗压性以及抗腐蚀性都比较好。对于电线以及配件的选择,则需要根据所使用的电器功率大小的不同来选择不一样规格的电线。另外,还需要注意大功率电器的插座不能与其他电器共用,同时强弱电走线一定要分开,避免出现安全问题。

水电验收检测

水电改造属于隐蔽工程,所以在二手房水电改造工程基本完成之后,业主一定要做好验收工作。不管是水路铺设还是电路改造,都一定要检查电线以及水管的连接处,避免出现安全问题。

水路改造完毕后一定要进行打压试验,打压试验是判断水管管路连接是否可靠的常用方法之一。在试压的时候要逐个检查接头、内丝接头、堵头都不能有渗水,否则就会直接影响试压器的表针。测压时,压力表的指针指向0.9-1.0左右,也就是说现在的压力是正常水压的3倍,保持这个压力值一定时间。不同的水管测压时间不一样,PPR、铝塑PPR、钢塑PPR等焊接管是30分钟(只能超出不能少)。铝塑管就是铜接头的那种,它的时间是4个小时(半个工作日)。镀锌管是4个小时也是半个工作日。

同时,还要对洗手间进行闭水试验:放不超过过门石高度的水,24小时,看是否有楼下和外墙面渗漏。如果有渗漏,且卫生间铺好瓷砖,需要砸掉重新做防水以免后患。

改造费用

二手房水电改造费用有低有高,一是看材料选择,二是看做的水电改造项目有多少,全部翻新估计就要几千元。另外,还要看房子面积有多大,以及做水电的总量有多少。一般情况下,二手房水电改造价格差不多在4000到6000元之间不等。

水路改造

水管管道准备开槽

水管铺设开始开槽的时候,必须要有详细的施工方案并安装具体方案来进行施工。先要按照尺寸进行弹线,然后才可以开槽。避免开槽线出现弯曲。开槽的时候,必须走两个方向,一个是与墙面平行,一个是与地面垂直。走平行线的一般都要控高,其控高度为地面之上的60至90厘米。而有水龙头的地方则必须垂直。一般开槽的深度为4厘米。开好槽后,则需要有专人来测量一下尺寸,确认一下位置等。

水管管道及安装

接下来的工作就是水管管道及其安装了。我们需要先把材料确定好,管道的选择要根据个人的喜欢或是家庭的选择来做决定。个人推荐PPR管会好一点。施工的时候,必须安装施工图与施工人员确定好水域的位置及使用的功能和范围。记得要先固定好所有水龙头还有用水的位置,然后根据水管按开槽的位置进行埋管。

水路管道的检查

水路管道安装好后,我必须要进行初步检查,而且这一步绝对不能漏哦。如果在这个时候发现有渗漏的话,我们还比较好返工。

第一种方法用试压的方法来进行管路的测试。就是把所有的内丝用赌头封住,然后用压力表打压试水,看管道的所有接口处有无渗漏的现象。

第二种是堵头(水管封闭塞)上了后,打开水闸两天时间,看一下,接头处有无渗水或者是埋的水管有无渗漏等。

墙面地面进行防水检查

所有管道安装好后,卫生间及厨房的水管槽线全部都封好了,等这些泥沙干了之后,可以开始清理了。防水不止是只做地面防水,墙面防水也不可少,通常最好做到一米高。如果是厨房就需要整面墙的防水了,千万可别贪图一时便宜,否则后悔都来不及。

卫生间的整个地面都要做防水,墙面做到30公分,淋浴区及洗手盆的位置建议都做到2米(国标要求1.8米),重点是四周墙角、地面与墙面位置、地漏与下水位置、挨着卧室墙的位置、门口的位置,这些区域要重点做好,后期的卫生间实用基本无忧。卫生间的门口也要考虑做好防水(杜绝门口外的墙面潮湿粉化,这是装修后期经常容易出问题的地方)。

防水工作做完后,就要进行填渣。填渣最好是10厘米以上的水泥沙子干渣的混合。二次防水与墙面一起做。这样地面就不会漏水了。

管道再次安装完后,再做一次防水,这样,地面和墙面都不会漏水了。

电路改造

电线线路的开槽

第一原则,有施工图必严格按照施工图进行,但是没有施工图的话,业主就要注意与现在装修人员进行沟通了。主要就是事先做好弹线的工作,必须做好平行与垂直线的开槽工作,并放好所有的开关插座底盒。一般来说,插座距离地面要求是在高度40厘米开槽,若是挂式类的插座则在2.2米的位置开槽。

开关一般的距离设置为1.2米到1.4米最佳。开关的插座底合安装要弹出平行线开槽。所有的电路都必须事先弹好线,做好开槽的工作,不许有弯歪的现象。

电线线路的布线

完成开槽的工作后,就要开始进行电线的布控了。在这个时候,我们注意要考虑强电、弱电、开关、空调插座及电器插座的分开走线。这样才不至于到时用电不平衡,造成线路压力过紧而烧坏。

接下来的工作,就是要对已经开好槽的电线进行布线了。这个时候,需要考虑的就是其强电,弱电,开关,空调插座与电器插座分开走线等。这样,不至于电器之间因为用电而烧坏。

一般情况下,强电与弱电的要求是布线在最底限度下相隔0.3米的左右。空调的插座专用6平米以上的电线分组。而电器的则为4平米的分组,开关则在2.5平米以上。空调的线一般是在地面2米以上走线,电器的则在地面上走线,开关与照明设备的话,则可以按照墙面走线。墙面的走线必须与地面垂直。这样,看上去整洁。厨房里的开关,则根据厨房的具体安装设备来进行安装。所有的电线走好后,需要有负责人来记好线路的布置及排放的尺寸等。这样,接下来放家具家饰的时候,就方便多了。

常见问题

电路

1、二手房电路没有接地保护

二手房验收时,可以打开几个开关插座,看看电线是否有接地保护。接地保护是指将正常情况下不带电,而在绝缘材料损坏后或其他情况下可能带电的电器金属部分用导线与接地体可靠连接起来的一种保护接线方式。时间较长的旧房一般都没有接地保护,无法减少电路老化或短路后漏电对人身财产造成的危害。因此需要对之采取有效的接地保护措施。

2、二手房电线回路简单

老旧的二手房,像插座和照明常常混用一个回路,而如果好几个电器一同打开,就容易造成电盒跳闸,造成其他电器无法使用。而在现在的电线回路设计中,功率大的电器单独走线,其他的则会采取多个比较复杂的回路布线。

3、电路设备老化严重

一方面施工不规范容易造成电路设备老化,另一方面设备自身随着时间流逝也不可避免变旧。因此使用时间较长的二手房,在验收时,需要重点查看一下电路的各个配件质量是否良好,看有无锈蚀、破损等老化严重情况。

4、开关插座不够用

国家标准规定,民用住宅中固定插座数量不应少于12个,但目前仍有不少的二手房原有的插座数量达不到这个标准。而如果大量使用移动插座,当电流负荷增大时,移动插座就会因接触不良产生异常的高温,埋下触电和电器火灾事故隐患。因此在二手房改造时,需要注意多增加一些开关插座。

提醒:二手房电路还存在着不少问题,比如配电箱电负荷不够、存在不少明铺线等。业主需对自家仔细检查,看是否存在相应的电路问题。

水路

1、水管材料亟需更换

之前由于材料的限制,以前不少的水管采用铸铁管、镀锌管和铝塑管等种类的产品,这些材质的水管管壁中容易滋生铁锈等影响水质。此外,管道年久失修也容易出现滴水渗漏的问题。

2、水路设计不符合要求

如今装修水管走顶不走地,已成为家装施工的一个默认做法。而如果是多年前的二手房,其水管可能就藏在地面上,如果出现破损漏水,就容易影响到下楼的邻居;此外,二手房原有的水路已经不适合现在业主的要求,需要重新设计管路。

在解决以上这些问题之后,接下来就是常规的装修流程了。

泥瓦工程

水电工程结束后,就可以进入泥瓦阶段了。泥瓦工程主要包含墙地面找平,阳台、厨房防水,闭水试验,铺贴地砖墙砖,勾缝。另外泥瓦工程还涉及过门石、地漏、油烟机的安装。

墙地面找平

主要修补水电开槽留下的一些坑坑,做地面找平。

阳台、厨房防水

针对阳台和厨房做好防水。淋雨区防水高180cm,其他地方墙面高度30cm(不过还是建议卫生间墙面全部做180cm,花不了多少钱),所有出水口都要做防水,卫生间防水要做外翻。

闭水试验

提前和楼下邻居打好招呼,蓄水3cm左右,闭水24-48小时,查看水位是否有下降(蒸发的不算),根据时间查看楼下是否有渗漏痕迹,如有渗漏及时处理,处理之后继续做闭水试验,直到实验结果合格为止。

铺贴地砖墙砖

地砖墙砖的铺贴。贴瓷砖的活最好由一人来做,多人做贴出来的效果可能会有所差别,瓷砖填缝要用填缝剂或美缝剂,擦缝后要立即对瓷砖进行清理,买墙地砖时最好多买几片以防万一,便于更换。

勾缝

地砖墙砖铺贴完成后,用砂浆将相邻两块砌筑块体材料之间的缝隙填塞饱满,使其视觉效果更好,也保护结构。

泥瓦工程结束后,可安排橱柜、衣柜等定制家具服务人员上门复测尺寸。尤其是嵌入式家电,最晚也要在这个时候确定好家电的尺寸大小。

木工工程

木工工程包括家里面所有固定柜子的现场打造和安装,主要包含吊顶龙骨安装、背景墙基层造型、地板木龙骨、门窗套安装、木质家具制作等。

吊顶龙骨安装

吊顶龙骨,就是我们经常看到的天花板,特别是造型天花板,都是用龙骨做框架,然后覆上石膏板做成的。龙骨是指用轻钢做成的,用于天花吊顶的主材料。

明龙骨施工:弹线拼平一安装吊杆一安装边龙骨一安装主龙骨一安装次龙骨和横撑龙骨一安装罩面板;

暗龙骨施工:弹线找平一安装吊杆一安装边龙骨一安装主方骨一安装次龙骨和横撑方骨一安装饰面板。

背景墙基层造型

背景墙墙面的基层一定要做好防潮准备,铺上油毡、油纸都可以。木质装饰还是非常有易燃性的,因为龙骨以及装饰面板都是木质,所以在防火上也是需要高度重视。通常使用防火漆涂刷即可,涂两遍,木材的各缝隙使用玻璃胶密封起来,在安装电源插座的时候,切记不可以给封了。

地板木龙骨

木龙骨是家庭装修中最为常用的骨架材料,被广泛地应用于吊顶、隔墙、实木地板骨架制作中。木龙骨俗称为木方,主要由松木、椴木、杉木等木材进行烘干刨光加工成截面长方形或正方形的木条。

门窗套安装

门窗套是指在门窗洞口的两个立边垂直面,可突出外墙形成边框也可与外墙平齐,既要立边垂直平整又要满足与墙面平整,故此质量要求很高。用于保护和装饰门框及窗框。门窗套包括筒子板和贴脸,与墙连接在一起。门窗套包括A面和B面;筒子板指A面,贴脸指B面。

木质家具制作

这个取决于是否需要现场制作木质家具,现在很多都采用定制家具了。

木工在施工前,最好能跟设计师先沟通一遍,在深入了解设计后再按照图纸开始施工。另外要注意选材,选择环保性高的材料。

油漆工程

油漆工程是施工阶段的最后一步,主要包含石膏墙面找平、批刮腻子、油漆涂刷一底两面。完成墙面的基层处理,刷面漆、给木工打造的家具上漆等工作。

石膏墙面找平

在装修过程中,采用石膏批刮进行粗找平处理。一般在在墙面涂刷界面剂后,批刮腻子之前施工。墙面和顶棚采用石膏找平主要是因为,基层平整度太差,采用腻子无法达到找平的要求,必须先采用石膏对基层进行粗找平,特别是针对嵌缝、填补孔洞、阴阳角的修直等效果极好。

批刮腻子

批刮腻子在上乳胶漆前进行,把腻子刮在墙上,保证墙面平整。一般刮三遍,干后用砂纸打磨平整。刮腻子是指通过填补或者整体处理的方式,清除基层表面高低不平的部分,保持墙面的平整光滑,是基层处理中最重要的步骤。就像人化妆时,先打底做护肤一样。

油漆涂刷一底两面

油漆的一底两面就是刷一遍底漆,刷两遍面漆。

油漆工程施工工艺:

清理基层108胶(白乳胶水溶液)封底——防锈处理——嵌缝处理——贴绷带——阴阳角弹线——石膏腻子找补阴阳角、局部找平——满刮第一遍腻子找平——满刮第二遍腻子找平——局部找补——打磨清理刷第一遍乳胶漆——局部找补打磨——刷第二遍乳胶漆。

最好避开阴雨潮湿天气进行油漆施工。

安装工程

油漆工程收尾后,就进入安装阶段啦,主要包含厨卫吊顶、橱柜、木门、地板、铺贴壁纸、开关插座、灯具、五金洁具、窗帘杆、拓荒保洁。

厨卫吊顶安装

厨卫吊顶安装是第一步。在安装前要提前买好厨卫的防潮吸顶灯、排风扇(浴霸)等,可以同时安装,或者没有的话留出对应线头和开孔。

老房子的吊顶,估计没几个人能看得上眼的。

所以一般都会拆掉,但拆吊顶的时候,就要把吊顶的东西全部拆掉,不要留下之前吊顶的那些辅助的东西。而且吊顶里,很可能有很多隐藏的管道,拆除的时候也一定要小心,不要破坏了。

报价方面,根据北京地区的业主反馈,一般石膏板吊顶拆除工长报价15-20元/平米,厨卫铝扣板的一般100-200左右/项,仅供参考。

橱柜安装

吊顶结束后,可以安装橱柜了,差不多一天时间。在安装橱柜之前跟物业沟通把煤气通了,在安装橱柜时,水槽和煤气灶可以同步进行,煤气灶安装好后记得试气。

木门安装

橱柜安装好第二天,预约之前做木门测量的师傅上门安装,差不多也是一天的时间。安装木门时合页、门锁、地吸需要一起完成,对应的五金记得提前准备好。

解决门窗老化

在旧房装修中,门窗老化是一个突出问题,老化程度分为几种情况:

一、钢制门窗表面漆膜完好,可以在二次施工时贴上装饰面板,加以利用。

二、木门窗如果变形、开裂导致门窗关不严实,最好拆掉重做。

三、如果原来的门窗不具备保温隔音等效果,一定要拆掉换新的。

很多二手房使用的旧式木质门窗,如果没有变形或者开裂,说明材质较好,如果能接受款式,可以在装修时,做退漆处理,贴上饰面板材,再涂上油漆,继续使用;如果木门窗已经变形,那么就要拆掉,重新制作。铁制的门窗,如果表面的油漆已经脱落或者主体开裂,建议大家拆掉,换成铝合金或者塑钢的材质。因为这两种材质的门窗可以起到密封、隔音、隔热的作用。

地板安装

地板安装,大概一天时间。安装之前最好做个地面勘察,看看是否需要找平。另外在安装前需对地面进行打扫,保证地面的干燥、平整度,防潮层记得先铺设,留好伸缩缝,选择专用胶。

铺贴壁纸

地板安装完成,做个大扫除,排除一切障碍物,收拾干净,保证壁纸的完美铺贴。

开关插座

开关插座,也是重要的环节,在铺贴壁纸前最好做个记录,避免铺贴壁纸时不小心将开关插座覆盖,自己心里有数就不会出错。

灯具安装

开关插座安装结束后就可以安装灯具了。

五金洁具

安装工作进入尾声,把上下水管件、卫浴挂件、马桶、晾衣架等等统统安上,家里的烟火气就开始显现了~

窗帘杆

窗帘杆安装了,硬装环节就差不多结束啦。

拓荒保洁

安装工作完成后,先不急着进家具家电,先做拓荒保洁,空旷的前提下能做得更加干净彻底。

软装进场

旧房的硬装,因为一般涉及拆除、结构重建、水电暖改造,费用要高于新房,所以在制定预算时,要做好充足的心理准备。建议遵循轻装修重装饰的原则,下大功夫将基础硬件(水电暖防水等)改造好,尽量减少造型、固定柜子的设计,多使用方便移动的功能性家具。设计风格以简单、实用为主。配合布艺、灯具、装饰性小型家具、装饰品等实现风格体现。

与家装风格统一

房子的装修风格与软装风格必须统一,现在很多人为了标新立异追求小众的装修风格,刚开始可能会很喜欢,但是随着时间的流逝开始出现了弊端,装修不是小事,不是说改动就可以改动,建议最好在装修的时候定制一个主题。

软装摆饰要协调

装修的时候很容易因为自己的个人喜好着重装饰自己喜欢或者经常活动的区域,造成空间规划的不协调。室内设计最讲究的就是对称,所以房子软装一定要对称。

软装顺序

房子刚开始软装时,必须要注意好大小装饰物的布置与摆放,切勿随便布置,这样会严重影响房子的美观。例如抱枕、桌巾等,这些中小型的软装饰物是很容易上手的布置品,从小的开始布置,一步一步的把房子设计、布置下去。

翻新省钱贴士

旧物认真对待

旧房拆除后的物品很多都是值钱的,如镀锌管、旧金属门窗、器等。可以等拆除全部完成后批量拿去卖,多问几家的价格;如果工人说帮你拆,但拆完的物品归他,不收工钱,需要自己做个衡量,有可能拆除的物品价值比工钱高。

拆除工程

拆除,是旧房翻新中的一个重点工程,如果拆改大,费用会不小;一定要找专业的拆改团队,如果有认识专门做拆改的工人,谈好工作量承包总价,会比装修公司便宜;切忌别找不专业的,不然容易出现把房屋拆改坏的情况。

水电路改造

水电路改造,作为隐蔽工程,是旧房、二手房改造中的重点也是比较有难度的工程。如果房屋老旧,出现水电路老化,最好做个改造,一定不能图省事省钱不翻新,找个专业的团队,做好水电路的改造,因为是隐蔽工程,如果做不好,后期会出现很多问题。

地板翻新

地板翻新,造价相对便宜,和重新购买地板相比,旧地板适应了室内环境,稳定性更好。地板翻新就是通过对地板表层进行打磨、刮腻子、上漆、上蜡抛光,使旧地板恢复如新。如果是强化地板,不建议翻新,因为有一层三氧化二铝耐磨层,翻新地板会破坏其耐磨层,造成地板加剧老化;如果是实木地板、实木复合地板和竹地板即可进行翻新。

墙面翻新

对老墙面的处理有三种解决方案:一是刷墙漆,包括铲墙皮、刮腻子、刷漆等全套工艺。二是采用抗裂的基层处理,铺上无纺布或玻纤布后再进行刷漆,根据所选的材料不同,价格也不一样。三是可以涂刷黑板漆,供消费者自己涂鸦。墙体翻新比较常见的就是铲除原有墙皮然后刷漆,但是目前比较方便的就是贴壁纸,方便墙体常换常新。

常见问题

找的翻新改造团队水平是否专业靠谱?

装修前,做好充足的考察工作。最好找专业做旧房翻新改造的团队。装修常见的问题就有装修好之后发现自己的家和说好的效果不一样,而且各种粗糙的工艺大大影响自己生活质量。装修前一定要看好效果图和设计图,避免自己的房子和自己的想的不一样,如果效果图还能做到1比1还原,那就是一个优质的装修公司。

翻新改造之后有没有售后保障?

装修前一定要仔咨询自己的房子的售后保障时间,一般而言,房屋正常居住2年内没有居住问题,那么装修就是没问题的,同时我们要注意的是验收房子装修质量要仔细验收,有问题要当场解决,不然等装修完工之后再去商讨这些事情,容易让自己的利益受损。

自住的旧房生活这么多年,家里的东西很多,不知道怎么整理?

当自己家的东西很多的时候,其实有一个很好的处理方法,那就是丢弃杂物,事实上人的生活品质想要提升,有一个很重要的方法就是丢弃杂物,可以将物品分类为:高频高价值物品、低频高价值物品、低频低价值物品、高频低价值物品。很多时候都可以将低频低价值的物品丢弃,正确的“断舍离”,这样会大大提升生活质量。

以上就是有关旧房翻新的一些方法分享了,希望能够有所帮助。

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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCquuSOe2wkIYKGvOcvdQdd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"检查卫生间排风口是否留好,揭开吊顶看管道是否到位。空出来的结构注意尺寸,以后会怎么用,如厨房有个空位,但是不和冰箱尺寸,就很尴尬。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCq422yo8oyOAmUKkC2vsWe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"检查水管是否老化,如果只是部分有老化现象,就要标明清楚,装修时进行更换。如果原有的水管是已被淘汰的镀锌管,在施工时要更换为铜管、铝塑复合管或PP-R管。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnacMUSesmU0SSUDz2hCWqEe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":628,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"水工程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d28b3b45c5444873a42db3a8868181f2","width":942},"text":"","id":"doxcnkgucY8uw60eOWYNRqGuUAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在洗菜池里多放装几次水,看排水管是否通畅,有无异物堵塞,接口位置是否有渗水现象,其余各个水龙头同理,并且检查水压,现在很多验房公司打水压都要另收钱,不太划算,可以找一家包含打水压在内的来验房。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2y8SIeOwMcAEQ12L6LAWgb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在水龙头下面接杯水,观察是否有锈迹或其他漂浮物,如果认为供水质量有问题,可以要求开发商提供防疫部门核发的水质检验合格证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmMaeq6EmCUCuGes7mYDqgf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电工程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqI2EEEooigeOYRYsYfmkfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"入户的总用电容量一般都有限额,“双路供电,照明、动力系统分路”是最基本的要求,在配电箱的线路布置中能体现出来。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8KmoGyWkeQ2UaayHKxrXOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拉闸断电实验,先拉总闸看是否完全断电,分别关闭分闸,看是否完全控制分支线路,特别要注意是否有零线和火线接反的现象。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnismsoC6esgaSEbrDMAqKcd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"每个插座都要检查是否有电,电话插口、宽带插口、电视天线插口、位置是否准确。灯具都开关一遍,看能不能正常使用。厨房的电源是否合理,预留数量是否方便以后使用。空调机外机的预留位置,要预留管线孔。  ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0csESmOU8WsyIL4FTwg0Kf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"验收天、地、墙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8Sogsg2a2y8g8xEvaKGByd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"检测地面是否平坦,验房师一般用水平仪。墙体转角线是否笔直,平整度如何,是否存在裂缝,墙体厚度是否合格,如果有问题,尽快列入处理清单。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncUukssUyUKKs2V8uay5idd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"检查是否有空鼓,用空鼓锤敲就能听出,墙砖检测同理,空鼓率在15%以下是可以接受的。吊顶安装要求顶角线和四周墙面配合严密,扣板之间的衔接紧密一致,不能有大的裂缝和翘起,看上去要平整光滑。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKoqi4o6uE0QQ8Ht6Q3GHde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"测量墙面尺寸,特别是以后需要设计摆放家具的墙面尺寸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYaC4isOKQeYSsjgcxHjCVe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":707,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"验收天、地、墙","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c825cb5362054bbd9e9645a10ab4f10f","width":942},"text":"","id":"doxcne8i8MmmYoWoIUzvEz2bd6d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"检查地板要看整体配合,脚感应当一致,是否有空鼓、色差、起翘问题,脚踢线与地面贴合程度也要注意。多走动,听踩上去是否有响声。检验漆膜是否光滑,表面是否有气泡、划痕。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsioAiSsYQI0MuiFoS5xEne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"检查乳胶漆墙面是否开裂、脱皮,墙纸是否鼓泡卷边、检查瓷砖是否空鼓脱落。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ4GyWCCgA8uKiUV3qpsbXf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"验收结构","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSyOK22MCsQG4VL68u9fBtX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"核对合同内容和房屋信息,核算套内面积和丈量层高,此步骤可以借助卷尺搞定,一般层高普遍为2.8米,除掉楼板的高度净高度大约在26米左右。利用卷尺可以量出套内实际面积再加上公摊和估算的大致墙体面积,基本可以得出房屋的建筑面积,再将此数据与合同中的面积相比较即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEcSgMIAcyisUuCj9KtGeVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"之后再看看现有的布局十分现在的居住要求,看看储物空间是否够用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6WCk2u00eAO8spD52l4xAe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"检查门窗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnycmSyWEsyAIoof90hvkI1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"检查门窗有没有损坏,房子的门窗要检查有没有变形。木门窗没有变形或开裂,就说明材质很好,装修时贴上饰面板材,涂上油漆就可以继续使用;如果变形,就要拆掉,重新制作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8yOog64uQUu2yADlw1ljIh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"做好预算","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqU464O6MYk4iU9EJvplMEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通常情况下,旧房翻新装修涉及的问题比新房装修要多些,所以如果是全翻价格预算可能比新房装修高。尤其是在拆墙改造上,既麻烦又费钱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKsKgUA4GI6yKWuKbUjQLSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"拆除费","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyUWqaweO6cyewLHgy92l8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果与新房装同样的效果,肯定更贵,贵多少呢?拆除费大概是20-500/平米,看项目拆除难易决定。也可以根据拆除难度一口价,如100㎡拆除项目不多3000元。当然,包含清运建渣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQwswsuUKKW266SbVtJPJph"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、铲地板砖的价格是20-30元/平,铲墙铲到底价格是15-18元/平,只铲乳胶漆是5-8元/平;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIK2YQy28uwEQqgsTZTNm3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、拆木地板是15元/平左右;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaaSKyyMImuCWALEoAZvTHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、拆除吊顶30元/平左右,拆除木质门50元/套左右,拆除洁具100元/套左右,拆除灯具100元左右。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyi2eM4GQiwQcYDWPlenRJb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设计费","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEOcyWgEKyyU0mAC2Qp8tNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"和新房设计费差不多,但如果房子太老,户型不佳设计费相对贵点。普通装修一般为60-120/㎡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4yGmCqqwWEQGEntwJmOqCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修材料及施工费","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMqACMM82mwUi0EsnNKzUwd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所有装修材料由装修公司提供差不多800-1000/㎡,如果包含家具家电则要1200元/㎡或以上。如果是局部改造的话还需要额外解决家具家电及其他物品的保护费用(成品保护)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSAeYEIacS684mqX49BP49c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"整体而言,旧房翻新改造,如果是全屋翻新,除了拆除费用,其他费用和装修新房差不多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmimSgYG86aSkaIprvN9kCg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"主体拆改","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaOyqagESGqckySSlRpvLXd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"地面改造","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMm88YUEyssug08fc4Nqo9g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"瓷砖地面","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnic2i82oEw2qcdbAXgjbmAn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从地面开始,如果你觉得原来的地面瓷砖不行,那你可以选择在原有的瓷砖上面铺一层地板。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8wscWaQUKYkkGkTwNdGgeg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要在施工前检查瓷砖是否平整、有空鼓,如果有空鼓会导致地板铺不牢,踩上去也容易有嘎吱嘎吱的噪音,这在前面的验收环节也有提及。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoaOK8sSaOGuw4RVwsrMDkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"地板","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoUkYWSkewimeYo9FTgjWuX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"检查过后,就该考虑铺哪种地板了。大多数的木地板,包括强化复合地板、实木复合地板、实木地板,都可以直接铺在地砖上,十分方便。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0OqwywSs48G4Y7h74B1D8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"过去为了防潮、提升脚感,铺地板前要先打龙骨,现在铺一层防潮垫就能得到相似的效果,铺两层更佳,并且效率极高,花十几分钟铺好防潮垫以后,就能直接铺地板了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYsuKIS8UoEIaYbi6mo3Vyh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":295,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"瓷砖地面","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a4fa495dd8e346de9d731b7e707b810c","width":658},"text":"","id":"doxcnoO2KIqoEYOAAcZaadVi2Rb"},{"type":"paragra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"text":"","id":"doxcn0caMIw4o0c8ueetMX7qR2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不能从结构上看,最靠谱的,还是看户型图,如果户型图比较正规,承重墙的墙体一般都标注为黑色。如果还不能确定,最好去物业咨询一下。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnikQmks6wywUiSA5HTr4emc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":370,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"准备工作","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2c49e3dff08a48a28a494de5f743c7b1","width":593},"text":"","id":"doxcngSskmyEAgI4mSwglmUgwJh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墙纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0YQEg0a884caq6jakKuvAC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不想要原来的墙纸,想涂乳胶漆的话,需要先撕掉壁纸,打磨干净以后,看看墙的基层状态如何,如果基层是耐水腻子,状态比较好(没有严重的空鼓、开裂、发霉等现象,墙面的平整度误差在3mm以内),直接刷乳胶漆;如果基层是普通腻子,建议铲除,重新做耐水腻子,再刷乳胶漆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU0e82Muiq28YwF2lEy9gpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"想在原有墙面上贴墙纸,也很简单,只要墙面光滑平整、不掉粉、不起皮就可以直接贴;如果掉粉严重或是墙面潮湿,需要先刷一层基膜,等基膜干后再贴墙纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAEaCAcWaOcwKwjT7LfmRnf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":402,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墙纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9c9afedea1334301a20236458e015701","width":656},"text":"","id":"doxcn6kCQmOeCm0uiQnMVH0UeWf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"乳胶漆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSwuyAsQCiUWeorhtJfKCwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果墙面本来就是乳胶漆的朋友,想要改色的话,如果原色较浅,那就可以直接刷新的。如果原颜色较深,那就需要先打磨,露出腻子层之后再刷漆,刷漆时遵循“一底两面”,刷一层底漆,两层面漆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4EgaOMCyQIa4OSpMoLkALc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"底漆不仅能防潮,还有填平和增加面漆附着力的作用,一定要重视。简单点说,底漆就像妆前乳,做不好,后面很可能出现面漆脱落的情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngO0iy2giK86c6KhA4n3plh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电改造","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO06ygEgqo2YqcJ1ZP0x0gc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"事前准备","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMo2m48sQO6SuOijQ4lJ8rc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在改造之前要先了解原来的水电安装走向,看看有哪些是可以保留的、哪些需要改造,做到心中有数。当然,这个需要请专业的师傅来施工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAUkyCgSgkueiIV9zl99rLh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在这之后,请专业的水电师傅按照确定的装修效果图进行改造,业主在现场监督比较好,便于在施工过程中随时协商,看改造的是否符合要求。另外,在施工过程中有什么问题也可以随时解决,节约施工时间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ22os64Gmyewy0iGskpExh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在水电改造时,一定要注意强电和弱电的分布,并且很好的进行分离,这样才能做到安全第一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQmyk8Gw68wUyMLAloyQ1ic"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4k8gs4yQqwwMuibd0ggTWe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"确定改造项目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYGu4Eu06mEAyOqKDEQPSTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在进行二手房水电改造之前,一定要提前了解清楚整个室内的水电铺设情况,与设计师以及水电工沟通如何改造,确定需要改造的具体工程以及项目。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGUIO2akgyC6qALUiyGOIde"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意水电材料质量","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6ksgGWWeYym2ew54SUcQbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般家用水管的材质多选择PVC管,抗压性以及抗腐蚀性都比较好。对于电线以及配件的选择,则需要根据所使用的电器功率大小的不同来选择不一样规格的电线。另外,还需要注意大功率电器的插座不能与其他电器共用,同时强弱电走线一定要分开,避免出现安全问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOec8wm06WmmGmsajLLD8of"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":420,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"注意水电材料质量","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f8ff217c7eb0490e888e5d103447afd0","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcn2c4CSiqseMGsqrB8xIZPfb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电验收检测","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU6OSGAo64Ic2qUmJRqQM4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电改造属于隐蔽工程,所以在二手房水电改造工程基本完成之后,业主一定要做好验收工作。不管是水路铺设还是电路改造,都一定要检查电线以及水管的连接处,避免出现安全问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneIeAmsi2g4q2CIvC9xjQyb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水路改造完毕后一定要进行打压试验,打压试验是判断水管管路连接是否可靠的常用方法之一。在试压的时候要逐个检查接头、内丝接头、堵头都不能有渗水,否则就会直接影响试压器的表针。测压时,压力表的指针指向0.9-1.0左右,也就是说现在的压力是正常水压的3倍,保持这个压力值一定时间。不同的水管测压时间不一样,PPR、铝塑PPR、钢塑PPR等焊接管是30分钟(只能超出不能少)。铝塑管就是铜接头的那种,它的时间是4个小时(半个工作日)。镀锌管是4个小时也是半个工作日。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwgCmMseEiIgwyOKHeRHgFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同时,还要对洗手间进行闭水试验:放不超过过门石高度的水,24小时,看是否有楼下和外墙面渗漏。如果有渗漏,且卫生间铺好瓷砖,需要砸掉重新做防水以免后患。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngakKqCYCsOQeAfELwuflCg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":375,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"水电验收检测","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fb0eb99ca5644e6d89e4fc138b8ad704","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcnogCm0IQskU844c6C4XSJuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"改造费用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6Am06Iyac2UKe2OneEkcHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二手房水电改造费用有低有高,一是看材料选择,二是看做的水电改造项目有多少,全部翻新估计就要几千元。另外,还要看房子面积有多大,以及做水电的总量有多少。一般情况下,二手房水电改造价格差不多在4000到6000元之间不等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwgMIQygQuGOe8RSN019Xch"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水路改造","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCgI6UyWYwwekCkigzXnnMd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水管管道准备开槽","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4EsMKgAW6kgycvq3pCM63d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水管铺设开始开槽的时候,必须要有详细的施工方案并安装具体方案来进行施工。先要按照尺寸进行弹线,然后才可以开槽。避免开槽线出现弯曲。开槽的时候,必须走两个方向,一个是与墙面平行,一个是与地面垂直。走平行线的一般都要控高,其控高度为地面之上的60至90厘米。而有水龙头的地方则必须垂直。一般开槽的深度为4厘米。开好槽后,则需要有专人来测量一下尺寸,确认一下位置等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0gM2kkkEaGKOcXCQ7tTA2f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水管管道及安装","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8oC0UU2uI4GkARa6XJD8vc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"接下来的工作就是水管管道及其安装了。我们需要先把材料确定好,管道的选择要根据个人的喜欢或是家庭的选择来做决定。个人推荐PPR管会好一点。施工的时候,必须安装施工图与施工人员确定好水域的位置及使用的功能和范围。记得要先固定好所有水龙头还有用水的位置,然后根据水管按开槽的位置进行埋管。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAyiG40cuA26kuAEq7pMkoe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水路管道的检查","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMw0kgkUIGOU4qqym9j2CQc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水路管道安装好后,我必须要进行初步检查,而且这一步绝对不能漏哦。如果在这个时候发现有渗漏的话,我们还比较好返工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoK4YW4iqWkYOqG6jg2GZdh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一种方法用试压的方法来进行管路的测试。就是把所有的内丝用赌头封住,然后用压力表打压试水,看管道的所有接口处有无渗漏的现象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqYeCWOsmoEg83ot55Wyve3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二种是堵头(水管封闭塞)上了后,打开水闸两天时间,看一下,接头处有无渗水或者是埋的水管有无渗漏等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8804KmKqmasA0E4RN8pSke"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墙面地面进行防水检查","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGiqouuGkoSCELlMXPrFUHn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所有管道安装好后,卫生间及厨房的水管槽线全部都封好了,等这些泥沙干了之后,可以开始清理了。防水不止是只做地面防水,墙面防水也不可少,通常最好做到一米高。如果是厨房就需要整面墙的防水了,千万可别贪图一时便宜,否则后悔都来不及。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn480qwa24agqOQv9Ynl6p8b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"卫生间的整个地面都要做防水,墙面做到30公分,淋浴区及洗手盆的位置建议都做到2米(国标要求1.8米),重点是四周墙角、地面与墙面位置、地漏与下水位置、挨着卧室墙的位置、门口的位置,这些区域要重点做好,后期的卫生间实用基本无忧。卫生间的门口也要考虑做好防水(杜绝门口外的墙面潮湿粉化,这是装修后期经常容易出问题的地方)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC2CM6GSmuimcQBnVNG5one"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水工作做完后,就要进行填渣。填渣最好是10厘米以上的水泥沙子干渣的混合。二次防水与墙面一起做。这样地面就不会漏水了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyqCYK4YKUwcKqkf2BMEOse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"管道再次安装完后,再做一次防水,这样,地面和墙面都不会漏水了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsWkKaiUyCqUAoPb6mCptfg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电路改造","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwOOakEMS4ScEeg05lQMdPe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电线线路的开槽","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuKmiyW6iQ86kEXhFIjMS5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一原则,有施工图必严格按照施工图进行,但是没有施工图的话,业主就要注意与现在装修人员进行沟通了。主要就是事先做好弹线的工作,必须做好平行与垂直线的开槽工作,并放好所有的开关插座底盒。一般来说,插座距离地面要求是在高度40厘米开槽,若是挂式类的插座则在2.2米的位置开槽。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaAUwKAWq86WCADIp8XmYgg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"开关一般的距离设置为1.2米到1.4米最佳。开关的插座底合安装要弹出平行线开槽。所有的电路都必须事先弹好线,做好开槽的工作,不许有弯歪的现象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMGM4UEmwyYwQQd7uYbgm4g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电线线路的布线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2wqsEYKyCa6Og5btbufbNg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"完成开槽的工作后,就要开始进行电线的布控了。在这个时候,我们注意要考虑强电、弱电、开关、空调插座及电器插座的分开走线。这样才不至于到时用电不平衡,造成线路压力过紧而烧坏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncSSeWYsW4yi8KcyaYuZNze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"接下来的工作,就是要对已经开好槽的电线进行布线了。这个时候,需要考虑的就是其强电,弱电,开关,空调插座与电器插座分开走线等。这样,不至于电器之间因为用电而烧坏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUqEKiUoUGM2Ues6mx1ZOnc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":480,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电线线路的布线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/53c14ff812de4a16ba3c9f689eb410fc","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnEI28eGskiYOMwlolLMf41e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般情况下,强电与弱电的要求是布线在最底限度下相隔0.3米的左右。空调的插座专用6平米以上的电线分组。而电器的则为4平米的分组,开关则在2.5平米以上。空调的线一般是在地面2米以上走线,电器的则在地面上走线,开关与照明设备的话,则可以按照墙面走线。墙面的走线必须与地面垂直。这样,看上去整洁。厨房里的开关,则根据厨房的具体安装设备来进行安装。所有的电线走好后,需要有负责人来记好线路的布置及排放的尺寸等。这样,接下来放家具家饰的时候,就方便多了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYOayqUOsSQOg27SiXxFNAf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"常见问题","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUO0GcEU8QA4g0uhR5Y1ADd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电路","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGkqw6oOs6E2uScnaFohMtc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、二手房电路没有接地保护","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0gA8wucwOewCKCn6GSQdVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二手房验收时,可以打开几个开关插座,看看电线是否有接地保护。接地保护是指将正常情况下不带电,而在绝缘材料损坏后或其他情况下可能带电的电器金属部分用导线与接地体可靠连接起来的一种保护接线方式。时间较长的旧房一般都没有接地保护,无法减少电路老化或短路后漏电对人身财产造成的危害。因此需要对之采取有效的接地保护措施。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU2QU42IKYOQmY5STELL4bf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、二手房电线回路简单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmuKYA0U84uWA8bDmwKepqf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"老旧的二手房,像插座和照明常常混用一个回路,而如果好几个电器一同打开,就容易造成电盒跳闸,造成其他电器无法使用。而在现在的电线回路设计中,功率大的电器单独走线,其他的则会采取多个比较复杂的回路布线。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOSciwQycWsWWUZafuc9L8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、电路设备老化严重","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniEae6YUSYI6IOmSelPGWtc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一方面施工不规范容易造成电路设备老化,另一方面设备自身随着时间流逝也不可避免变旧。因此使用时间较长的二手房,在验收时,需要重点查看一下电路的各个配件质量是否良好,看有无锈蚀、破损等老化严重情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqwmqc6qqguk6o63Zje82sH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、开关插座不够用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWU4G0MMuAkwIYoTFcQ7zjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国家标准规定,民用住宅中固定插座数量不应少于12个,但目前仍有不少的二手房原有的插座数量达不到这个标准。而如果大量使用移动插座,当电流负荷增大时,移动插座就会因接触不良产生异常的高温,埋下触电和电器火灾事故隐患。因此在二手房改造时,需要注意多增加一些开关插座。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAgESIacgkwegWOWkpnDL2d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"提醒:二手房电路还存在着不少问题,比如配电箱电负荷不够、存在不少明铺线等。业主需对自家仔细检查,看是否存在相应的电路问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkiCKk4QCG6i2CiQD1pbX9b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水路","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneo46oISqwGmkYd9WQPRGLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、水管材料亟需更换","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEuqWgsUwWyy48Jka0kiuPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"之前由于材料的限制,以前不少的水管采用铸铁管、镀锌管和铝塑管等种类的产品,这些材质的水管管壁中容易滋生铁锈等影响水质。此外,管道年久失修也容易出现滴水渗漏的问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWIOMomqAkaMUUfpStme8Lh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、水路设计不符合要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIeUqS2wAqWmYYBDjTIJnzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如今装修水管走顶不走地,已成为家装施工的一个默认做法。而如果是多年前的二手房,其水管可能就藏在地面上,如果出现破损漏水,就容易影响到下楼的邻居;此外,二手房原有的水路已经不适合现在业主的要求,需要重新设计管路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQakoaAogiWimYjwLHvpEKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKcUsuYCecug8KsEr7sqWZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在解决以上这些问题之后,接下来就是常规的装修流程了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCA2QUueUggiGu41jooup5v"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"泥瓦工程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyAgqCIMaa68IOkDJCgPg8b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":324,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"泥瓦工程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2c8cbe27e8394688b67f57f97a602de7","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcn66I4umIYK42AeS3h0VSSsg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电工程结束后,就可以进入泥瓦阶段了。泥瓦工程主要包含墙地面找平,阳台、厨房防水,闭水试验,铺贴地砖墙砖,勾缝。另外泥瓦工程还涉及过门石、地漏、油烟机的安装。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8CyAWGGA6UikKAc0NRDNHe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墙地面找平","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMAcGAgMEwwGMyeTEKfUZsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要修补水电开槽留下的一些坑坑,做地面找平。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoIMgcMiSCY0yWY90tO3qtg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台、厨房防水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqWQc4YkGuYesQdLSfi7Kwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"针对阳台和厨房做好防水。淋雨区防水高180cm,其他地方墙面高度30cm(不过还是建议卫生间墙面全部做180cm,花不了多少钱),所有出水口都要做防水,卫生间防水要做外翻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYeKaOK6c6qE2EtGSG9LCjf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"闭水试验","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKqEuickosKEqmAKSC8nu7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"提前和楼下邻居打好招呼,蓄水3cm左右,闭水24-48小时,查看水位是否有下降(蒸发的不算),根据时间查看楼下是否有渗漏痕迹,如有渗漏及时处理,处理之后继续做闭水试验,直到实验结果合格为止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4qco8oEYYiEoaonF8YvhJh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"铺贴地砖墙砖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCEe6gY4WQGYMA3UEUTQAxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"地砖墙砖的铺贴。贴瓷砖的活最好由一人来做,多人做贴出来的效果可能会有所差别,瓷砖填缝要用填缝剂或美缝剂,擦缝后要立即对瓷砖进行清理,买墙地砖时最好多买几片以防万一,便于更换。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0MySEWuKkoGOxRhZlxr7wA"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾缝","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEcYCGkEWoym60UOxKyJvoe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"地砖墙砖铺贴完成后,用砂浆将相邻两块砌筑块体材料之间的缝隙填塞饱满,使其视觉效果更好,也保护结构。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniIAWGq6EAySy4dDjTxJAqf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泥瓦工程结束后,可安排橱柜、衣柜等定制家具服务人员上门复测尺寸。尤其是嵌入式家电,最晚也要在这个时候确定好家电的尺寸大小。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY8Iua06AGUysa6pVIixDyh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"木工工程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGy6kekisoK6CmOX47ncf8f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"木工工程包括家里面所有固定柜子的现场打造和安装,主要包含吊顶龙骨安装、背景墙基层造型、地板木龙骨、门窗套安装、木质家具制作等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8iSEWe6Q0sMguo5FWEBiyc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":375,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"木工工程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/eeac2824c6c741a69061aa71b63d935a","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcnggC6aI8ScM8QSM46ovqgvh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"吊顶龙骨安装","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSKUw0MsQ2SYE6795o7vDOd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"吊顶龙骨,就是我们经常看到的天花板,特别是造型天花板,都是用龙骨做框架,然后覆上石膏板做成的。龙骨是指用轻钢做成的,用于天花吊顶的主材料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2W6o8SOCQY0WkdvJipezMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"明龙骨施工:弹线拼平一安装吊杆一安装边龙骨一安装主龙骨一安装次龙骨和横撑龙骨一安装罩面板;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaUIAA4oeMoUSITSIxWJ7Qb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"暗龙骨施工:弹线找平一安装吊杆一安装边龙骨一安装主方骨一安装次龙骨和横撑方骨一安装饰面板。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0myyOYi88YuARrFxC05vCK"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"背景墙基层造型","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneEGGcIWqUuIaO08iV7mIng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"背景墙墙面的基层一定要做好防潮准备,铺上油毡、油纸都可以。木质装饰还是非常有易燃性的,因为龙骨以及装饰面板都是木质,所以在防火上也是需要高度重视。通常使用防火漆涂刷即可,涂两遍,木材的各缝隙使用玻璃胶密封起来,在安装电源插座的时候,切记不可以给封了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSMMqwWUIKKo8INzVEiA4sg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"地板木龙骨","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk084wKICw2uy0CjSJVAsKd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"木龙骨是家庭装修中最为常用的骨架材料,被广泛地应用于吊顶、隔墙、实木地板骨架制作中。木龙骨俗称为木方,主要由松木、椴木、杉木等木材进行烘干刨光加工成截面长方形或正方形的木条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniqKkOwss4iOUAr6ZPx9zXc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"门窗套安装","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2yGyi2iwWWwgSokh8JeJzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"门窗套是指在门窗洞口的两个立边垂直面,可突出外墙形成边框也可与外墙平齐,既要立边垂直平整又要满足与墙面平整,故此质量要求很高。用于保护和装饰门框及窗框。门窗套包括筒子板和贴脸,与墙连接在一起。门窗套包括A面和B面;筒子板指A面,贴脸指B面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwwaue8YqyAKKuwpeTyEtHc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"木质家具制作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYkiEaQEAWySYInYaRqeFRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这个取决于是否需要现场制作木质家具,现在很多都采用定制家具了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO6QI06KKmIIw7U7Nq0jDgp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"木工在施工前,最好能跟设计师先沟通一遍,在深入了解设计后再按照图纸开始施工。另外要注意选材,选择环保性高的材料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnucCm8MG846uEg9j2Hh6R3b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"油漆工程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK6C4Uq8emai4QfQ79JiWZg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"油漆工程是施工阶段的最后一步,主要包含石膏墙面找平、批刮腻子、油漆涂刷一底两面。完成墙面的基层处理,刷面漆、给木工打造的家具上漆等工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAGWQKokOsGCwY1AqYHw4og"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":480,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"油漆工程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7f62d3471b41420dbdbf129b303f883a","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcnAGSK2WogsIm8cXgfZlVNLe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"石膏墙面找平","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkqqsso6S440euMahhc0aLh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在装修过程中,采用石膏批刮进行粗找平处理。一般在在墙面涂刷界面剂后,批刮腻子之前施工。墙面和顶棚采用石膏找平主要是因为,基层平整度太差,采用腻子无法达到找平的要求,必须先采用石膏对基层进行粗找平,特别是针对嵌缝、填补孔洞、阴阳角的修直等效果极好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWgMaismGKmyQQdPepzmPxd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"批刮腻子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncymeeEAWQGoczwdT8prjs6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"批刮腻子在上乳胶漆前进行,把腻子刮在墙上,保证墙面平整。一般刮三遍,干后用砂纸打磨平整。刮腻子是指通过填补或者整体处理的方式,清除基层表面高低不平的部分,保持墙面的平整光滑,是基层处理中最重要的步骤。就像人化妆时,先打底做护肤一样。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn02cQ2uY2gwYy6JReZPPo8d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"油漆涂刷一底两面","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAYgkQqeq60coWmyfPw3OZg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"油漆的一底两面就是刷一遍底漆,刷两遍面漆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmgQY2MCs0UW2kJBXLGNone"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"油漆工程施工工艺:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6quA2Uymk2EeMjT5ycDBFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"清理基层108胶(白乳胶水溶液)封底——防锈处理——嵌缝处理——贴绷带——阴阳角弹线——石膏腻子找补阴阳角、局部找平——满刮第一遍腻子找平——满刮第二遍腻子找平——局部找补——打磨清理刷第一遍乳胶漆——局部找补打磨——刷第二遍乳胶漆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwgKaQuiOqmiWWy2YHmKonb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"最好避开阴雨潮湿天气进行油漆施工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2eGy6eQ62E08iymDkPhDVg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"安装工程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwYUwIEa6YWeMa01PTy4BIb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装工程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e8e2f0482e6f457281745684e7fe844c","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcn8ee4soCK8Iequ0RwWujnPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"油漆工程收尾后,就进入安装阶段啦,主要包含厨卫吊顶、橱柜、木门、地板、铺贴壁纸、开关插座、灯具、五金洁具、窗帘杆、拓荒保洁。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwSEyQSQ22w4yY3mNRpXeNc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨卫吊顶安装","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc0YEA2yewWSAYyn903azib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨卫吊顶安装是第一步。在安装前要提前买好厨卫的防潮吸顶灯、排风扇(浴霸)等,可以同时安装,或者没有的话留出对应线头和开孔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwM2UOkKw4kIeOzXbB9bGab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"老房子的吊顶,估计没几个人能看得上眼的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnagcGG8uIoWUIiWiDnaCvGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所以一般都会拆掉,但拆吊顶的时候,就要把吊顶的东西全部拆掉,不要留下之前吊顶的那些辅助的东西。而且吊顶里,很可能有很多隐藏的管道,拆除的时候也一定要小心,不要破坏了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwQs8qAWSeQcAkBps1HfEre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"报价方面,根据北京地区的业主反馈,一般石膏板吊顶拆除工长报价15-20元/平米,厨卫铝扣板的一般100-200左右/项,仅供参考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnceyMeEeo0K40P1RGTvFEv0"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":341,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"厨卫吊顶安装","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ac07744206964db48efb6505991958ce","width":651},"text":"","id":"doxcnkoeAOgqCMCwqSUuE0b3Xxf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"橱柜安装","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMM6igWwGyymS0WX0YISIGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"吊顶结束后,可以安装橱柜了,差不多一天时间。在安装橱柜之前跟物业沟通把煤气通了,在安装橱柜时,水槽和煤气灶可以同步进行,煤气灶安装好后记得试气。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwggmu6eoe68MwttFt1iaQg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"木门安装","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn26ca4YaWa6C4m6s0uR0sQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"橱柜安装好第二天,预约之前做木门测量的师傅上门安装,差不多也是一天的时间。安装木门时合页、门锁、地吸需要一起完成,对应的五金记得提前准备好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYOwMcEOO828scdVHoLwYuh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"解决门窗老化","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIis4W8QUqW6ciUL0KYtlwb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在旧房装修中,门窗老化是一个突出问题,老化程度分为几种情况:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIcAiIOkYcGEkedwsMg2gtb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、钢制门窗表面漆膜完好,可以在二次施工时贴上装饰面板,加以利用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngU624kEeGukiOCsx0wk6Bg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、木门窗如果变形、开裂导致门窗关不严实,最好拆掉重做。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2YEeSMweeY6isHbKPGriob"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、如果原来的门窗不具备保温隔音等效果,一定要拆掉换新的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEkgYACsmiW2EGgndSaK7gg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"很多二手房使用的旧式木质门窗,如果没有变形或者开裂,说明材质较好,如果能接受款式,可以在装修时,做退漆处理,贴上饰面板材,再涂上油漆,继续使用;如果木门窗已经变形,那么就要拆掉,重新制作。铁制的门窗,如果表面的油漆已经脱落或者主体开裂,建议大家拆掉,换成铝合金或者塑钢的材质。因为这两种材质的门窗可以起到密封、隔音、隔热的作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEmkmMAccSccks3nMig0xSc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":520,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"解决门窗老化","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a616b72ed65b452196125235d77bc746","width":713},"text":"","id":"doxcnWuugUomQ48ayoP9iY6i8kd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"地板安装","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ2EQwguMYOsMgjCCT1WI32"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"地板安装,大概一天时间。安装之前最好做个地面勘察,看看是否需要找平。另外在安装前需对地面进行打扫,保证地面的干燥、平整度,防潮层记得先铺设,留好伸缩缝,选择专用胶。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4wyCI6Iw2YmAUtqnTGlZ0d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"铺贴壁纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmcOw0oUe2KmgMLaVSQ7wub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"地板安装完成,做个大扫除,排除一切障碍物,收拾干净,保证壁纸的完美铺贴。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYeuC0Qs6goee27ExQPWzmh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"开关插座","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYusQAeGQigegEflCA5tl9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"开关插座,也是重要的环节,在铺贴壁纸前最好做个记录,避免铺贴壁纸时不小心将开关插座覆盖,自己心里有数就不会出错。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoQcW6aa4Q0ywy0ICJBDIve"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"灯具安装","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCYwcEeQqkG8Am2ItMkiBGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"开关插座安装结束后就可以安装灯具了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8AcMMgIsSC2CChqW8GL3km"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"五金洁具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGy0G62QygkEsSClnbHIUGd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安装工作进入尾声,把上下水管件、卫浴挂件、马桶、晾衣架等等统统安上,家里的烟火气就开始显现了~","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyISKqEGE08MM8WIkwsphmc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗帘杆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneW4OUUq4wMy6KbFKArfn8K"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗帘杆安装了,硬装环节就差不多结束啦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG4uuwKG0qik8rt9OjTz2ks"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"拓荒保洁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuEWQouGAwuoq2dcI9RV5jJ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安装工作完成后,先不急着进家具家电,先做拓荒保洁,空旷的前提下能做得更加干净彻底。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny2WCi8I8sg0QMRy0eNYXYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"软装进场","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOy484QAes4IQqONHyTY4sc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"旧房的硬装,因为一般涉及拆除、结构重建、水电暖改造,费用要高于新房,所以在制定预算时,要做好充足的心理准备。建议遵循轻装修重装饰的原则,下大功夫将基础硬件(水电暖防水等)改造好,尽量减少造型、固定柜子的设计,多使用方便移动的功能性家具。设计风格以简单、实用为主。配合布艺、灯具、装饰性小型家具、装饰品等实现风格体现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq6YCkEwyaA2iAZuSKdJ2gc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"与家装风格统一","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMcccgES8yogquixpkWLetb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"房子的装修风格与软装风格必须统一,现在很多人为了标新立异追求小众的装修风格,刚开始可能会很喜欢,但是随着时间的流逝开始出现了弊端,装修不是小事,不是说改动就可以改动,建议最好在装修的时候定制一个主题。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSSSkCYuCsg2iOqmOVx4NXd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"软装摆饰要协调","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuqKA8aC0SEyawDtFBvObrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修的时候很容易因为自己的个人喜好着重装饰自己喜欢或者经常活动的区域,造成空间规划的不协调。室内设计最讲究的就是对称,所以房子软装一定要对称。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2wackKSo8kwgqUMn6ZWwVr"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"软装顺序","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni8WIW0AUuAMWMLZ9mh1gfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"房子刚开始软装时,必须要注意好大小装饰物的布置与摆放,切勿随便布置,这样会严重影响房子的美观。例如抱枕、桌巾等,这些中小型的软装饰物是很容易上手的布置品,从小的开始布置,一步一步的把房子设计、布置下去。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmQYoEGOkCiKwGk46f64xhb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":438,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"软装顺序","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4c4919db21314fac916309c5228a6920","width":658},"text":"","id":"doxcnqAgSgUWeiQwWc8CBK4MRbx"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻新省钱贴士","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOEwY2uUaQOCuYWYel7sQtb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"旧物认真对待","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6e8KsY0easiMecK4QwzmZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"旧房拆除后的物品很多都是值钱的,如镀锌管、旧金属门窗、器等。可以等拆除全部完成后批量拿去卖,多问几家的价格;如果工人说帮你拆,但拆完的物品归他,不收工钱,需要自己做个衡量,有可能拆除的物品价值比工钱高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUQCm4EsuGkEScvisT77woe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"拆除工程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIGiyASoQiWqS0AW3RFGMAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拆除,是旧房翻新中的一个重点工程,如果拆改大,费用会不小;一定要找专业的拆改团队,如果有认识专门做拆改的工人,谈好工作量承包总价,会比装修公司便宜;切忌别找不专业的,不然容易出现把房屋拆改坏的情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEewQyqyISY6CgCc1M3vAy6"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电路改造","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCwGq4wo8amcyCe8vPDXucc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电路改造,作为隐蔽工程,是旧房、二手房改造中的重点也是比较有难度的工程。如果房屋老旧,出现水电路老化,最好做个改造,一定不能图省事省钱不翻新,找个专业的团队,做好水电路的改造,因为是隐蔽工程,如果做不好,后期会出现很多问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngseiyCScIyyom8TziLMC5g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"地板翻新","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUwceAY4egoIg42PYYpfF5e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"地板翻新,造价相对便宜,和重新购买地板相比,旧地板适应了室内环境,稳定性更好。地板翻新就是通过对地板表层进行打磨、刮腻子、上漆、上蜡抛光,使旧地板恢复如新。如果是强化地板,不建议翻新,因为有一层三氧化二铝耐磨层,翻新地板会破坏其耐磨层,造成地板加剧老化;如果是实木地板、实木复合地板和竹地板即可进行翻新。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4UoI4y4Igo0sOKi9dfg8Wd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墙面翻新","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSAqqi4GsICikCQS4BcuEMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对老墙面的处理有三种解决方案:一是刷墙漆,包括铲墙皮、刮腻子、刷漆等全套工艺。二是采用抗裂的基层处理,铺上无纺布或玻纤布后再进行刷漆,根据所选的材料不同,价格也不一样。三是可以涂刷黑板漆,供消费者自己涂鸦。墙体翻新比较常见的就是铲除原有墙皮然后刷漆,但是目前比较方便的就是贴壁纸,方便墙体常换常新。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmYkoWIqcgyow6iXgJ68Wuf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":478,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墙面翻新","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cf611b9bdbe2445eb6c0805c7a1b8019","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcnwQOsAgUemEu4YjU3w5oeRc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"常见问题","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnckUEE8UQCU6eK6RdorRmQb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"找的翻新改造团队水平是否专业靠谱?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYIwOGCyoe8C008Vqi5GaFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修前,做好充足的考察工作。最好找专业做旧房翻新改造的团队。装修常见的问题就有装修好之后发现自己的家和说好的效果不一样,而且各种粗糙的工艺大大影响自己生活质量。装修前一定要看好效果图和设计图,避免自己的房子和自己的想的不一样,如果效果图还能做到1比1还原,那就是一个优质的装修公司。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoGk8kIKoyWoCkLO2w02JTf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻新改造之后有没有售后保障?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni8UgqqI6Swqa6FZ5aI4mrE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修前一定要仔咨询自己的房子的售后保障时间,一般而言,房屋正常居住2年内没有居住问题,那么装修就是没问题的,同时我们要注意的是验收房子装修质量要仔细验收,有问题要当场解决,不然等装修完工之后再去商讨这些事情,容易让自己的利益受损。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng4QqI8EwE0aAS8XvQy18Oh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"自住的旧房生活这么多年,家里的东西很多,不知道怎么整理?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk0o0AoKY2sk2O6lUNpuiag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当自己家的东西很多的时候,其实有一个很好的处理方法,那就是丢弃杂物,事实上人的生活品质想要提升,有一个很重要的方法就是丢弃杂物,可以将物品分类为:高频高价值物品、低频高价值物品、低频低价值物品、高频低价值物品。很多时候都可以将低频低价值的物品丢弃,正确的“断舍离”,这样会大大提升生活质量。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniG2aS8WU2MSSGldq2BSweb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCK62406OUioOCQ4fXwX4Gh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以上就是有关旧房翻新的一些方法分享了,希望能够有所帮助。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKO4yeoGaIEkyMpUk2Mta8c"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

4. cj46自升式钻井平台德阳造

视频剪辑是将收集或者拍摄好的视频、音频、图片等材料,通过视频剪辑软件剪辑可以进行二次切割、合并、重组等功能形成一个新的视频的过程。

学习剪辑工具

剪辑软件

视频剪辑常用的软件有剪映、EDIUS、PR等软件。

1、剪映是一款国产剪辑软件,功能齐全,含有贴纸、字体、滤镜等丰富功能,适合剪辑vlog或者短视频,特点在于容易上手,比较适合新手。

2、EDIUS是一款专门为广播和后期制作等环境设计的软件,这款软件非常好用、特别稳定而且对电脑配置要求低,目前很多电视台都在用这款软件。当然个人剪辑或者工作室也可以选择这款软件,剪辑各种短视频不在话下。

3、PR是剪辑界的扛把子,也是一款专业的剪辑软件,广泛用于电视节目、广告制作和各种短视频的制作中。

学习教材

学习剪辑首先要先学会使用剪辑软件,我们可以通过阅读相关教材来系统的学习剪辑软件。

剪映教材

《剪映轻松学》作者:宿丹华,这本书是初学者快速自学使用剪映进行短视频制作的实用教程。本书包括基础操作、音乐、 文字、转场、特效、调色、素材管理等相关内容。同时包含大量案例实战,能够帮助读者将所学内容融会贯通, 使其快速上手。

EDIUS教材

《中文版EDIUS Pro 7从入门到精通》作者:樊宁宁,这本书详细地介绍了视频剪辑的制作流程和细节,帮助用户快速掌握EDIUS Pro 7软件的使用方法。全书共15章,包括剪辑常识大讲堂、剪辑入门必修知识、进入EDIUS Pro 7的世界、 EDIUS Pro 7的剪辑流程、素材的采集与导入、素材的剪辑与操作、视频滤镜的应用、视频转场的应用、特效合成制作、字幕的应用、音频音效制作、视音频输出、实战案例制作、综合案例制作和商业案例等方面的内容,讲解过程中配有大量的辅助案例、练习、提示和技巧说明。所有案例都具有较高的技术含量,实用性强,便于读者学以致用。

PR教材

《Adobe Premiere Pro CC 2018经典教程》,此书是Adobe官方出版Premiere,Pro,CC基础教程,是学习Premiere Pro基本操作的普及图书,书中提供完整教学资源,包括素材文件、复习题及答案。

《Primiere Rro CC从入门到精通(微课视频 全彩版)》,视频课程详细介绍了Premiere Pro CC在视频编辑中的使用方法和应用技巧,是一本Premiere 软件基础教程,也是一本Premiere完全自学视频教程。

网站视频教程

除了以上的教材,我们还可以在一些视频网站学习专门的软件课程。

比如哔哩哔哩上就有很多相关软件的教学课程,我们可以配合着课本学习,这样更加直观。

剪映教程学习https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV18h41117BF/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

EDIUS教程学习https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1vp4y1r7c7/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

PR教程学习https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1de4y1Z73u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

大家在学习软件的时候可以去网上多搜集一下,寻找适合自己的视频课程学习。

学习剪辑思维

当我们拿到一些素材、片子的时候,我们要懂得如何去拼凑画面,怎么运用镜头去叙述我们要呈现的内容,怎么采用辅助手段,比如文字、旁白、对白、独白、音乐、音效、转场等,这种思维方式就是剪辑思维。

如果没有剪辑思维那么拿到片子后就不知道怎么下手,这也就是很多学员学了软件之后不知道从哪里开始剪辑的原因。

我们可以将剪辑师与作家进行类比,作家使用的是一个个成型的文字,而镜头就相当于一个个文字,剪辑师按照一定的规律随机组合,达到叙述的目的。

比如下面三句话:

“虽然我爱你,但是我们不能在一起!”

“虽然我们不能在一起,但是我爱你!”

“虽然我们爱你,但是不能在一起!”

这三句话文字、标点都是一样的,只是排列组合方式不同,这样表达出来的意思与重点就完全不一样了。

剪辑师就是把拍好的镜头,按照规律随机组合,前人将镜头随机组合的特定规律,进行了总结与归纳,并将它命名为“蒙太奇”。

所以概括起来:

剪辑思维就是运用蒙太奇的规律,用镜头去叙述的一种思维方式。

想要学习剪辑思维,那么就要学习蒙太奇的知识。

蒙太奇

蒙太奇是以交代情节、展示事件为主旨,按照情节发展的时间流程、因果关系来分切组合镜头、场面和段落,从而引导观众理解剧情的手法。

分镜头 : 导演将整个影片或电视片的内容按照背景、对话、音乐、镜头长度等分切成许多准备拍摄的镜头,称为分镜头。

分切组合镜头:把完整的一个场景分开拍摄之后会形成一个一个镜头,剪辑的时候需要把他们组合连贯起来,这样就能表达出我们的主题内容。

蒙太奇的构成

蒙太奇分为:平行蒙太奇、交叉蒙太奇、连续蒙太奇、重复蒙太奇、颠倒蒙太奇。

蒙太奇的含义

平行蒙太奇

同一主题下面采用同一时间、地点,不同的人做不同的事情的表现手法。

1、两条或两条以上的情节线索并列,在不同时空中分头叙述,相互烘托,形成对比和呼应;

2、在一个完整的结构之中、表现同一主题、易于产生强烈的艺术感染效果。

交叉蒙太奇

同一时间,不同的人做同一件事情的中间,交叉两个人的互动。

在同一段落场景中,在同一时间,不同地点,迅速而频繁地交替剪接在一起、极易引起悬念、造成紧张激烈的气氛、加强剧中情节矛盾冲突的尖锐性、惊险片、恐怖片常用此手法造成追逐和惊险的场面。

连续蒙太奇

什么人把什么事情做完,一整套表现完整 。

普遍常用的剪辑手法、沿着一条单一的情节线索,按照时间的逻辑顺序,有节奏进行连续叙述,表现出其中的戏剧跌宕。

重复蒙太奇

同一个主人公在不同的时间做相同的动作。

相当于文学中的复叙方式、把具有一定寓意的镜头或重要的场面,通过精心构思、在关键时刻反复出现、突出人物命运、性格、心理的变化、塑造人物、深化主题。

颠倒蒙太奇

一种打乱结构的蒙太奇方式。

先展现故事或事件的当前状态,然后再介绍故事的始末。虽然打乱事件的叙述顺序、时空关系,仍需把事情交代清楚,叙事也要符合逻辑避免平铺直叙。

学习方法

学习剪辑思维最好的办法就是拉片。

拉片就是对一个好的视频(比如好的电影、纪录片、宣传片、短视频等)反复地观看,然后把片子里面的每一个画面、构图、镜头运动、灯光用什么剪辑风格等,一点点的分析出来,然后按照分析出来的经验,模仿剪辑,在实际项目中运用它,这样慢慢就能提高。

摄影机机位在水平面及空间所做的各种位置、角度的变化,称之为镜头的运动。

根据摄影机镜头运动的路线、速度和方式的不同,镜头的运动又可以分为不同的种类,主要包括所谓“推、拉、摇、移、升、降、甩。”

推:指摄影机水平方向直线向前的运动。如果被摄对象位置不变,摄影机则会距离被摄对象越来越近。

拉:与推相反,指摄影机水平方向直线向后的运动。如果被摄对象位置不变,摄影机则会距被摄对象越来越远。

摇:指摄影机位置不变,角度改变。主要分为水平方向的摇和垂直方向的摇。

移:指摄影机在水平上或空间中的位置发生明显的变化,镜头的运动路线可以是任意的。

升:指摄影机在空间中垂直方向的向上运动。

降:指摄影机在空间中垂直方向的向下运动。

甩:指摄影机的角度或者位置快速的改变。通常用来表现一个动作与对于这个动作的快速反应,例如抛物与接物,在动作片里一般应用较多

刚入行的剪辑师,至少需要做到镜头逻辑上不出任何问题。比如,全景视频交代的是一个男性在餐馆吃饭,特写却出现一双女性的手,这在叙事上就会产生逻辑的错误,特写可以出现牛肉面、男性的手,这样的逻辑才是通顺的。

如果通过上面的介绍还是不能了解蒙太奇和拉片,那么就可以观看下下面的视频教程,进行进一步的学习。

剪辑为什么是蒙太奇:

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1C5411d7iz/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

拉片是什么:

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1pL4y1x7mH/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

剪辑手法技巧

熟练运用剪辑手法可以最大限度的让整个视频展现在观众的眼前,因此学会有技巧的运用剪辑方法十分重要。

常用的剪辑手法及技巧有13种,分别是动作顺接、离切、交叉剪辑、跳切、匹配剪辑、淡入淡出、叠化、跳跃剪辑、圆形划像、划像、隐藏转场、声音滞后、声音优先。

动作顺接

在角色还在动作的时候切换镜头,进行剪辑,切割点可以选择在角色转身、丢东西等日常行为动作。

具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。

动作顺接:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1VR4y1c7zu/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

离切

画面插入镜头的时候,先切入画面,然后再切回主镜头。比如主角在星空下谈心,会将星空画面插入镜头中,再插回主角谈心的镜头。插入镜头可以与角色在同一空间,也可以是角色内心的深层情感展开。

具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。

离切:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1bZ4y1B7mJ/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

交叉剪辑

交叉剪辑就是在两个场景之间来回切换镜头,多用于电话通话场景。如果使用得当,它会增加紧张感和悬念,这种技巧也能反映人物的内心世界。

具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。

交叉剪辑:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1v3411A7FN/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

跳切

把同一个镜头拼接起来,通常用来显示时间的流逝。

具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。

跳切剪辑:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1434y1s7jQ/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

匹配剪辑

匹配剪辑有时候被误认为是跳转剪辑(跳切),但它们是不同的。

匹配剪辑连接的两个镜头通常具有相同的动作或构图,一般用于场景切换,因为图片总是从一个地方跳到另一个地方,这会导致误解。匹配的剪辑不一定落在视觉上,也可以落在听觉上,有基于对话的匹配剪辑。

具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。

匹配剪辑:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1D44y1P7xD/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

淡入淡出

这是最简单的一种剪辑方式,通常表现为镜头会模糊到全黑的画面中,或者从中消失。经常用于影片的转场,即一幕戏结束后转向新的场景开始新的剧情。

具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。

淡入淡出:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Yg411M7Xn/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

叠化转场

它是把一个镜头叠加在另一个镜头上,画面呈现两个镜头的素材的剪辑手法。蒙太奇常用这种技巧,它还可以显示时间的流逝。你可以叠加相同的镜头。

具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。

叠化转场:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1sa411N77S/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

跳跃剪辑

跳跃剪辑是具有突然效果的过渡剪辑方式,它通常用于角色从噩梦中醒来的场景,或者从大动作片到中等动作片。

具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。

跳跃剪辑:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1JY411A742/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

圆形划像

早期这实际上是相机的效果,令光孔聚焦某物。如今,它只是一种程式化的技术,可以在许多电影场景中看到,光线聚集在一处。

具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。

圆形划像:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1uZ4y1s76u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

划像擦拭

把画面划入划出。

具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。

划像(擦拭):https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1fZ4y1u7cR/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

隐藏转场

使用阴影隐藏拼接会产生同一个镜头的错觉,拼接会隐藏在镜头的快速晃动中,它可以在镜头移动中隐藏拼接过渡。

具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。

隐藏转场:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1R3411t74W/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

声音滞后

根据音效编辑的过渡模式,上一个镜头的音效将继续到下一个镜头,在可预测的剪辑中不一定使用声音滞后。

声音优先

这是下一个镜头的音效,在画面出现之前响起。声音滞后和先入是为了确保节奏不被打断,创造一个完美的过渡,连接前后,让声音效果引导观众。声音优先也非常适合在画面中引入新的元素。

关于声音的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍视频里面应该如何使用声音。

视频里的声音剪辑:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Gi4y1M7jg/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

使用画外音:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV12a411C7Uf/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

剪辑素材

在开始剪辑的时候需要自己寻找一些剪辑素材,下面介绍下剪辑视频的素材获取方法。

1、自己拍摄视频

可以用自己手头上的设备,如单反、手机、ipad进行拍摄获取。可以拍摄生活类、美食类、风景类的视频,拍好后再进行剪辑。自己拍摄视频的好处就是不用考虑相关版权的问题。

2、在素材网站寻找素材

国内的网站都要注意版权问题,我们在寻找素材的时候可以多使用国外的网站素材。

该类型网站获取视频的方法:

①录屏;

②直接在网站下载。

剪辑素材网站

如果不是无版权的素材,侵权是不可能避免的。

只要使用影视素材,无论是制作混剪还是吐槽视频,都是侵权。

那么我们如何寻找一些可商用的正版的无版权视频素材网站进行创作?

下面分享一些可以寻找素材的网站。

1、新片场素材

网址:https://stock.xinpianchang.com/

该网站提供正版视频素材、正版音乐素材、图片素材、AE模板等平台

2、Footage Crate

网址:https://mazwai.com/

该网站提供的免费音视频素材,并且也提供一些制作教程。

3、Life of Vids

网址:https://www.lifeofvids.com/

提供时长为30秒左右的片段,大多设计师和工程师这个网站。

4、Stockio

网址:https://www.stockio.com/

提供非常多的免费图片和视频素材资源网站。

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7的剪辑流程、素材的采集与导入、素材的剪辑与操作、视频滤镜的应用、视频转场的应用、特效合成制作、字幕的应用、音频音效制作、视音频输出、实战案例制作、综合案例制作和商业案例等方面的内容,讲解过程中配有大量的辅助案例、练习、提示和技巧说明。所有案例都具有较高的技术含量,实用性强,便于读者学以致用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TKikdisiMoUiMmxqOytc8qCnn3b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":767,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"EDIUS教材","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4f1697538bcd470a81dc5272b6059c0a","width":779},"text":"","id":"J06ad4qW0oKSquxIZGcco8wEn4b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"PR教材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWyWdiacIoOOCaxINpTc1ddVncU"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"Adobe Premiere Pro CC 2018经典教程","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》,此书是Adobe官方出版Premiere,Pro,CC基础教程,是学习Premiere Pro基本操作的普及图书,书中提供完整教学资源,包括素材文件、复习题及答案。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ku0Kdwss0ouA8sxSEGtcTkninCd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":617,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"PR教材","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7b9ccf3d179d4dea93cfdedf01a2df32","width":784},"text":"","id":"KsOmdkGUqoYAA8x4x9EcPyPDnQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《Primiere Rro CC从入门到精通(微课视频 全彩版)》,视频课程详细介绍了Premiere Pro CC在视频编辑中的使用方法和应用技巧,是一本Premiere 软件基础教程,也是一本Premiere完全自学视频教程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GaAQdoi0WoKaYOxeY4RcjRREnxe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":599,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"PR教材","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5c92f2818b4049e48183f08b54e3bfc1","width":847},"text":"","id":"Y8yMd0kGwo4SU4xUf6qcLobtnpb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"网站视频教程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Igu8d2sGQoWwiAxzufTcrWnZnFi"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了以上的教材,我们还可以在一些视频网站学习专门的软件课程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SUk0dyC6MoC2CixCyWDc2nyKnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如哔哩哔哩上就有很多相关软件的教学课程,我们可以配合着课本学习,这样更加直观。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y2kGdMWCco4m2Cxkp9scIhy5nMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"剪映教程学习","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV18h41117BF/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV18h41117BF/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I8iedG0ECoI4m4xsLtHc3Nl7nzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"EDIUS教程学习","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1vp4y1r7c7/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1vp4y1r7c7/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FKiwdI4MSoW2gSxkxjZcJ6ten7e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"PR教程学习","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1de4y1Z73u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1de4y1Z73u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MkUedGkGCoMqoCxkdDvcgTWgnLc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大家在学习软件的时候可以去网上多搜集一下,寻找适合自己的视频课程学习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RgyodoIEYoi8Q6xyqoWcrM3mnpg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习剪辑思维","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZqQidoUaooQmKCxK0N5ce6nAn5g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当我们拿到一些素材、片子的时候,我们要懂得如何去拼凑画面,怎么运用镜头去叙述我们要呈现的内容,怎么采用辅助手段,比如文字、旁白、对白、独白、音乐、音效、转场等,这种思维方式就是剪辑思维。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TSGMdGUUSoIW2IxkDyGcYRaknde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果没有剪辑思维那么拿到片子后就不知道怎么下手,这也就是很多学员学了软件之后不知道从哪里开始剪辑的原因。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BGqQdUiu4oUqkoxIBVicoJNJn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们可以将剪辑师与作家进行类比,作家使用的是一个个成型的文字,而镜头就相当于一个个文字,剪辑师按照一定的规律随机组合,达到叙述的目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WU0OdOQY6o0gQYxm07mcTcYqn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如下面三句话:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WSAIdU64cocS4axg1NvcVIMinrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“虽然我爱你,但是我们不能在一起!”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R6eWduoO4o2SECxySKocNKKKnhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“虽然我们不能在一起,但是我爱你!”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B6UKdKw2Sow2kyxcfAucXYLJn8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“虽然我们爱你,但是不能在一起!”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PcqwdMUGyoQmC0xWGV4cDv3Znzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这三句话文字、标点都是一样的,只是排列组合方式不同,这样表达出来的意思与重点就完全不一样了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NUAAdiwGOoW0Qmx4j4rcCsX7nJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"剪辑师就是把拍好的镜头,按照规律随机组合,前人将镜头随机组合的特定规律,进行了总结与归纳,并将它命名为“蒙太奇”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WESod6iQioSCaYx6UELcruDuneg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所以概括起来:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZMCwdeICqo4MsYx4G4icIcB8nHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"剪辑思维就是运用蒙太奇的规律,用镜头去叙述的一种思维方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIcUdgSGgoKI4kxaQbOcTdZFndg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"想要学习剪辑思维,那么就要学习蒙太奇的知识。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WiuGdymyCoCmU2xygd2cVhWPnAd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"蒙太奇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B0Csd24IMoq424xusqscymwGnyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蒙太奇是以交代情节、展示事件为主旨,按照情节发展的时间流程、因果关系来分切组合镜头、场面和段落,从而引导观众理解剧情的手法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ACEWduQYYoswgkxuUspcG32KnSd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分镜头 : 导演将整个影片或电视片的内容按照背景、对话、音乐、镜头长度等分切成许多准备拍摄的镜头,称为分镜头。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M0QudeGAso6S6CxwhmNcBd51nff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分切组合镜头:把完整的一个场景分开拍摄之后会形成一个一个镜头,剪辑的时候需要把他们组合连贯起来,这样就能表达出我们的主题内容。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GO8adyqOQowKOyxCCfbcC9mlnUd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"蒙太奇的构成","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WwwOdO0Ugo0KMwxcph5clk02nvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蒙太奇分为:平行蒙太奇、交叉蒙太奇、连续蒙太奇、重复蒙太奇、颠倒蒙太奇。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MGoQdQmkIoqsMWxGSM5cGCS8nAe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"蒙太奇的含义","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SYkKd4O2koCq6yxiCkPcS7ECn6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"平行蒙太奇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F2qAdeo6Co8QqExYfEAcoAZ1nAd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同一主题下面采用同一时间、地点,不同的人做不同的事情的表现手法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KUmQdwUckoKu28xslx7catu5nPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、两条或两条以上的情节线索并列,在不同时空中分头叙述,相互烘托,形成对比和呼应;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y8eUdMaEgoWCsGx8q7tcQchEncb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在一个完整的结构之中、表现同一主题、易于产生强烈的艺术感染效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CwSWd8KASoQaS4xwXRUcXZRnnRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"交叉蒙太奇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HC2mdE2YmocWwuxIGujcvXmbnmk"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同一时间,不同的人做同一件事情的中间,交叉两个人的互动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dec8dOsM6oaa6UxEZsdc79fMnFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在同一段落场景中,在同一时间,不同地点,迅速而频繁地交替剪接在一起、极易引起悬念、造成紧张激烈的气氛、加强剧中情节矛盾冲突的尖锐性、惊险片、恐怖片常用此手法造成追逐和惊险的场面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TMoudMIKeoqWECx2ZO0cQZcvn6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"连续蒙太奇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FcqydaK4eoAqmCxorz2cZc08nEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"什么人把什么事情做完,一整套表现完整 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PW4Odqy4YocE2exMA46ccfM2nlw"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"普遍常用的剪辑手法、沿着一条单一的情节线索,按照时间的逻辑顺序,有节奏进行连续叙述,表现出其中的戏剧跌宕。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QgGkd2MOOoS4I8xMb9XcJdFpn1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"重复蒙太奇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ToQQdgoOWoKIwyxEDqucXYDUng8"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同一个主人公在不同的时间做相同的动作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ua6SdIoGuo2IGWxUx8hcYY9Hnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"相当于文学中的复叙方式、把具有一定寓意的镜头或重要的场面,通过精心构思、在关键时刻反复出现、突出人物命运、性格、心理的变化、塑造人物、深化主题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Vi4sdQ8YkoCoyixchXqcR5akn4c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"颠倒蒙太奇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XOQ8dgUIIoeGwExghmNc2JrcnLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一种打乱结构的蒙太奇方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QSO0dGi0UoggK4xK8x5ce1l0nrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"先展现故事或事件的当前状态,然后再介绍故事的始末。虽然打乱事件的叙述顺序、时空关系,仍需把事情交代清楚,叙事也要符合逻辑避免平铺直叙。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uw4YdKGUio2kKmxIvE7crJRhnNb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SWsUdiSq4oEYqexQIpqc2qnunSF"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习剪辑思维最好的办法就是拉片。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WQMwdYoisoUUMCxI1e1cLNaindc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拉片就是对一个好的视频(比如好的电影、纪录片、宣传片、短视频等)反复地观看,然后把片子里面的每一个画面、构图、镜头运动、灯光用什么剪辑风格等,一点点的分析出来,然后按照分析出来的经验,模仿剪辑,在实际项目中运用它,这样慢慢就能提高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BAgIdo6gEomGucx679dciiR7nDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"摄影机机位在水平面及空间所做的各种位置、角度的变化,称之为镜头的运动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZisMdK2IsoqimSxmMcacfaJOnCb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据摄影机镜头运动的路线、速度和方式的不同,镜头的运动又可以分为不同的种类,主要包括所谓“推、拉、摇、移、升、降、甩。”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Km4OdMec6o2sCaxYt1icMWthnSh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"推:指摄影机水平方向直线向前的运动。如果被摄对象位置不变,摄影机则会距离被摄对象越来越近。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JgOudmYqkoSGCMxOUFVcCTo7nEf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拉:与推相反,指摄影机水平方向直线向后的运动。如果被摄对象位置不变,摄影机则会距被摄对象越来越远。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UqOydS0KKoeumYx8LWbchC02nvt"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"摇:指摄影机位置不变,角度改变。主要分为水平方向的摇和垂直方向的摇。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Vgg4du8k2oSKIyx2lkvczd6DnAe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"移:指摄影机在水平上或空间中的位置发生明显的变化,镜头的运动路线可以是任意的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XMU4dEKGGoSII2xYZQfcjwuXnC1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"升:指摄影机在空间中垂直方向的向上运动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UGEIdkK4oo8agqxq8C8ciHwwnXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"降:指摄影机在空间中垂直方向的向下运动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FmQqdMoS6oW42ixGuwGcfLIMnjg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":573,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"学习方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f04ce7ff4b2c437abab07b5fc77cd3cc","width":791},"text":"","id":"OWiQdCsOIoqo64xaWYlczgbfn2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"甩:指摄影机的角度或者位置快速的改变。通常用来表现一个动作与对于这个动作的快速反应,例如抛物与接物,在动作片里一般应用较多","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JaYwdSYQUoUwKexyYHpcc50gnEf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刚入行的剪辑师,至少需要做到镜头逻辑上不出任何问题。比如,全景视频交代的是一个男性在餐馆吃饭,特写却出现一双女性的手,这在叙事上就会产生逻辑的错误,特写可以出现牛肉面、男性的手,这样的逻辑才是通顺的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q6uqdYYYooYUMsxEtQictjO4nSg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":496,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"学习方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/728f7079886e4fdaa4647ee147292ef0","width":905},"text":"","id":"Sk6Qd0SKYoE488xq2NKcMj4OnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果通过上面的介绍还是不能了解蒙太奇和拉片,那么就可以观看下下面的视频教程,进行进一步的学习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E4KGdewCwome0axiWUAcjFXLnQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"剪辑为什么是蒙太奇:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IWiIdKscIoUWooxcTu9cbYN4nxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1C5411d7iz/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1C5411d7iz/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S2Mcdyy2koAyWMxsn0Dcdlypnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拉片是什么:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JGeAdc4wYoGA08xgXHbcagZZnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1pL4y1x7mH/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1pL4y1x7mH/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LEQWdc6ysokouIxuNpqcvdRvnY0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"剪辑手法技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E2KMdyOqmoUasox2PPocZ9cInmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"熟练运用剪辑手法可以最大限度的让整个视频展现在观众的眼前,因此学会有技巧的运用剪辑方法十分重要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OkmOdioKSoeIOEx0kktcK6Jqn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"常用的剪辑手法及技巧有13种,分别是动作顺接、离切、交叉剪辑、跳切、匹配剪辑、淡入淡出、叠化、跳跃剪辑、圆形划像、划像、隐藏转场、声音滞后、声音优先。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AwYad4gemoqyWOxy6znc3C4ZnMh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":256,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"剪辑手法技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7dd5b80307b745459c3c7d1720f1cae8","width":587},"text":"","id":"RueQdMgcqoO8gqxYXI0cHWdOn98"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"动作顺接","id":""}],"text":"","id":"McGSdUm02oWK68xm4zWcmJa2n1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在角色还在动作的时候切换镜头,进行剪辑,切割点可以选择在角色转身、丢东西等日常行为动作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UmKadyWkuoQWMax4cXRcqZRNnVc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":286,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"动作顺接","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4080b89dbbba4c248792896116e06503","width":400},"text":"","id":"AC2UdYm0soko28xoxCAcwGtNn0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XyS8dGIc8o8c0GxCIsGcf39Gnub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"动作顺接:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1VR4y1c7zu/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1VR4y1c7zu/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WW4udGoWIoyiU0xo1fnc904TnCg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"离切","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkgudkewcoW0KqxOgbmcT0ennIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画面插入镜头的时候,先切入画面,然后再切回主镜头。比如主角在星空下谈心,会将星空画面插入镜头中,再插回主角谈心的镜头。插入镜头可以与角色在同一空间,也可以是角色内心的深层情感展开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FyqmdMeWOoKwwYxANBLcpkH9n1f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":174,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"离切","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3d2b4d0078214e989de15961b361a2e7","width":423},"text":"","id":"DC8EdYe8SouOimxyYhnc6MQ5nwd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AGQOdu06qoEOcYxgBAVcSG69nAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"离切:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1bZ4y1B7mJ/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1bZ4y1B7mJ/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FAw8dQCococw2Mx88Y9c9eGSnPb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"交叉剪辑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JCcqdia8SomIwGxiyoGcU1zVnDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"交叉剪辑就是在两个场景之间来回切换镜头,多用于电话通话场景。如果使用得当,它会增加紧张感和悬念,这种技巧也能反映人物的内心世界。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BCaEdysgkowYi4xkp4wcsxaMnkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BQOmdacOUoCGUExCWZlcMfKMngh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"交叉剪辑:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1v3411A7FN/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1v3411A7FN/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S82Idequooy0ASxm6iCc8Opin8c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"跳切","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TSaEd8mssoaqmAxmmv3c6ENnnjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"把同一个镜头拼接起来,通常用来显示时间的流逝。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DYWwdAEMWouiEaxy6jvcCjJWnC2"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PsOqdks2Uo66WIx6dtocccWPnve"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"跳切剪辑:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1434y1s7jQ/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1434y1s7jQ/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RiS4dmEcyoYaWgxi0NJc2ZBEn8Q"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"匹配剪辑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AOeAdyOKUoGsQox0YEIcB2bMnqf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"匹配剪辑有时候被误认为是跳转剪辑(跳切),但它们是不同的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AAckdMs24oiAcsxWM12c43AXnbf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"匹配剪辑连接的两个镜头通常具有相同的动作或构图,一般用于场景切换,因为图片总是从一个地方跳到另一个地方,这会导致误解。匹配的剪辑不一定落在视觉上,也可以落在听觉上,有基于对话的匹配剪辑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KgS4d0uwioGmcCxc4Dnc3sIbnVK"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J0eudWkwOoqAEUxw1Nicd0ymnOe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"匹配剪辑:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1D44y1P7xD/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1D44y1P7xD/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DWu4dgMYMoawM2xCUOXcAGWdnXd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"淡入淡出","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ICw6d8Q2ao6i2IxUbf6coR2LnSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这是最简单的一种剪辑方式,通常表现为镜头会模糊到全黑的画面中,或者从中消失。经常用于影片的转场,即一幕戏结束后转向新的场景开始新的剧情。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QSogde80Yokkicxa48YcVmBEn4c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8MSd8eWmoIIW8x0WTvcu6OanEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"淡入淡出:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Yg411M7Xn/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Yg411M7Xn/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EYimdGCwooGeoCxKwggc1R6nnKc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"叠化转场","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HcY2dq4IwoGIAGx4GW6cx7lBng0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"它是把一个镜头叠加在另一个镜头上,画面呈现两个镜头的素材的剪辑手法。蒙太奇常用这种技巧,它还可以显示时间的流逝。你可以叠加相同的镜头。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BWcSd2wAWoCCgwxKcG2csLUAnJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ESmqdOeE6oKqg2xey5Kccq34nxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"叠化转场:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1sa411N77S/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1sa411N77S/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UCMMdQQYkoO22ixaiaict30tnlh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"跳跃剪辑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PKQ4dE6uYoCUIGxAh9IcSvdBntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"跳跃剪辑是具有突然效果的过渡剪辑方式,它通常用于角色从噩梦中醒来的场景,或者从大动作片到中等动作片。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwuidqI8WokeegxqsnCcUa3onsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Be0IdIaGEoOq02xagr7cUQiqnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"跳跃剪辑:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1JY411A742/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1JY411A742/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Muaad8qk0owCggxS2E5cp0MBn1d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"圆形划像","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UUiWdwWIyoAQ2mxIf0tchkgdnhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"早期这实际上是相机的效果,令光孔聚焦某物。如今,它只是一种程式化的技术,可以在许多电影场景中看到,光线聚集在一处。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jq64dIqUYouqMaxUfbxcHAaNnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qk88dW0qcoCiC0xUnf8cFPCunae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"圆形划像:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1uZ4y1s76u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1uZ4y1s76u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAmIdQ6OaokAg6xst9icuTrXncg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"划像擦拭","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HsKOdAaYiokK6kxGMzVc6QILnAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"把画面划入划出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QoCkdwweSo4UQaxAveac0Y91nNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D8Cwd4wAKoQwSMxKwtQccPG9ndb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"划像(擦拭):","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1fZ4y1u7cR/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1fZ4y1u7cR/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KgO4dSUiMoUa00xAV9ZcAdtjnze"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"隐藏转场","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Lo4SdIaY6omSg8x6YQCc6NDEnjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用阴影隐藏拼接会产生同一个镜头的错觉,拼接会隐藏在镜头的快速晃动中,它可以在镜头移动中隐藏拼接过渡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LgAWd6GiuoiEKSxAXWgcvMf5nQc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IOoadUYwSoImC0xvDEtcgVuunN4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"隐藏转场:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1R3411t74W/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1R3411t74W/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZM46d2Ow8oEAuexqUeccrg1EnQb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音滞后","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HoSodYiG6oGCISxw3olcDgqlnSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据音效编辑的过渡模式,上一个镜头的音效将继续到下一个镜头,在可预测的剪辑中不一定使用声音滞后。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VW2WdeckooUQ4YxAfmAcJllqnjh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音优先","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XmeQd8YAwoOCk4xyyaXcgf4znBh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这是下一个镜头的音效,在画面出现之前响起。声音滞后和先入是为了确保节奏不被打断,创造一个完美的过渡,连接前后,让声音效果引导观众。声音优先也非常适合在画面中引入新的元素。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GGmMdUsuwo6SI8xA7zrcChJSn8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"关于声音的剪辑手法可以观看以下课程,课程里会有详细的介绍视频里面应该如何使用声音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P0YQde0cqowkscx4zticxFhSndb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"视频里的声音剪辑:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Gi4y1M7jg/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Gi4y1M7jg/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UgIadI6YCo82IaxWwlmcvPGVnth"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用画外音:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV12a411C7Uf/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Eoc0d6cQMoMqoOxWQQ2cWAmQnhb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"剪辑素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cmcsd6IyyoqWEAxZpEDcJJoSnfE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在开始剪辑的时候需要自己寻找一些剪辑素材,下面介绍下剪辑视频的素材获取方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VkgSdSU66o6EiIxUWxLc7yZrnib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、自己拍摄视频","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J08YdgYUKoEkcaxcjmkcXfkgnYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以用自己手头上的设备,如单反、手机、ipad进行拍摄获取。可以拍摄生活类、美食类、风景类的视频,拍好后再进行剪辑。自己拍摄视频的好处就是不用考虑相关版权的问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K4OKd04CsoKgg2xScO8ctxJQnod"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在素材网站寻找素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DQaMdwm6uo4iiexqYVHcwyagnRd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国内的网站都要注意版权问题,我们在寻找素材的时候可以多使用国外的网站素材。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DiKwdqKKKo2YWyx0cSwcqJfunZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"该类型网站获取视频的方法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y2Y2dI82go8kCUxOOsLcIJtJnjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①录屏;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OqMKdYSmyoGcc4xUVdGcUJ0Hnhc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②直接在网站下载。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HoAOdIWgyomeuAxMF4fcPWZanwd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"剪辑素材网站","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XGqWdQqi4oQMK0xUYOmcrK4Gnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果不是无版权的素材,侵权是不可能避免的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IOI4dOw6moqEySxQtvicUdWLn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"只要使用影视素材,无论是制作混剪还是吐槽视频,都是侵权。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZYsYdG2Cco408ixqicucexrrn6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"那么我们如何寻找一些可商用的正版的无版权视频素材网站进行创作?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PcMgdOyYCooM6WxYb41clan1nxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下面分享一些可以寻找素材的网站。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NaCUdMiqIoCceuxMX22c4zFcnLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、新片场素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J2C8dsqa8oyUeKxi4hscTtPBnDc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"网址:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://stock.xinpianchang.com/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://stock.xinpianchang.com/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H4q2dU6Oso6OqAxigvGcqN1lnHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"该网站提供正版视频素材、正版音乐素材、图片素材、AE模板等平台","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LAS4do6oyocq8UxI5qIctTjgnXf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":794,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"剪辑素材网站","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/97ba168f611a4657b911ca37580decd2","width":1497},"text":"","id":"BMKAd2CSyo6CmkxotsxcLd4Jn3e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、Footage Crate","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pwm8dyeESoAwAYx6LqNcQ7Dfn3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"网址:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://mazwai.com/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://mazwai.com/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AASWd0wCuoWKooxs5gzcVkQHnTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"该网站提供的免费音视频素材,并且也提供一些制作教程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FqWQdQs2aoQe6KxkANccxgmKnrb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":762,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"剪辑素材网站","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7797a09aebc647e49841e47d0f71e934","width":1366},"text":"","id":"Mywsdy6Ogo8sEwxYPt0ca3K7nGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、Life of Vids","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAUedCM8goIceSxKlIKcQKx1n5S"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"网址:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.lifeofvids.com/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.lifeofvids.com/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AcySdEkoUoKWwSxYZZ6cNlttnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"提供时长为30秒左右的片段,大多设计师和工程师这个网站。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DoEOdeg4uoU02cxfIUzcXDrvnuP"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":859,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"剪辑素材网站","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3aeb535586b045be9c435911dcf53051","width":1785},"text":"","id":"GYsYdUUs8oKg8Mxmy3FclY3lnQe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、Stockio","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gm4Sdqc6SoAmiix89ftck7wXnIh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"网址:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.stockio.com/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.stockio.com/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EwQ4dQo0GoOKCyxABBKcccR0nDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"提供非常多的免费图片和视频素材资源网站。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZSwQdKicUoyIqYx2pwLc32eznbe"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

5. cj46自升式钻井平台 简介

行书,又称“行押书”,也称“藁书”,是介于楷书和草书之间的一种书体。楷书稍加连贯,点画略带呼应,就是行书。行书写起来比楷书快,又比草书容易识认,所以是应用最广的书体。它既实用,又美观,写起来便捷。

行书分类

行书大致以其作品所具有的楷书和草书成分,划分为两类:作品中楷书成分较多的称之为行楷或楷行、真行:作品中草书成分较多的则称之为行草或草行。

硬笔行书

书写姿势

正确的书写姿势不只是为了好看,还可以使书写技能得到充分、有效地发挥,有助于书写者的身心健康。书写姿势同时也反映出书写者的修养,只有身正才会字正。正确的姿势应是头正、身直、肩平、胸舒、臂开、足安。(如下图)

1、头部端正:头要居中,稍向前下方俯视,眼睛与纸面一尺距离,不可俯得太低,也不可左偏、右斜。

2、身直肩平:臀部平坐于椅子中间大部,不能扭向一边,两肩平齐,上身不弯曲,使上身重心安稳。

3、臂开胸舒:两臂自然开张,两肘平放桌面,保持一线,腹背挺直,胸口与桌沿保持一拳距离,使呼吸顺畅。

4、腿开足安:两腿分开,与肩同宽,自然下垂,内侧保持平行,两脚平放地上,使全身平衡。正确的书写姿势,才能使字写得端正,重心平衡。同时,正确的姿势也会给人的身体带来益处。

执笔方法

执笔方法不正确,不但妨碍书写姿势,影响书写质量,还会给书写者身心健康带来危害,不可忽视。根据笔的自身特点,硬笔是三指执笔法,斜拿。

正确的执笔方法:

①用拇指、食指、中指三个指头捏住笔杆(三指处于同一平面);

②指尖距笔尖约2.5cm~3cm(两指左右);

③所有指关节都向外弯;

④笔杆位于食指的根部(如下图)。

同时,还要做到:

①指实:拇指、食指、中指来自三方的力量,处在与笔杆垂直的同一圆角上,将笔杆夹牢,松紧适度。

②掌虚:无名指和小指紧随中指下部依次靠拢,并向掌心弯曲、虛握。小指的整个底部形成一个环形底座,虚贴桌面。

③杆斜:笔杆向右后方倾斜,紧靠在食指第三关节与虎口方向,与桌面呈45°角。如果写较大的字,手指向前伸直,笔杆与纸面角度减小;书写较小的字手指向掌心收缩,笔杆与纸面角度大,宜于精離细琢。

练习方法

选笔

钢笔

具备一支书写流畅的钢笔,是开始练习行书的基础条件。众所周知,随着技术的发展进步,签字笔已经深入到社会生活的各个方面,我们在绝大部分时候都是使用签字笔来写字,使用钢笔的时候比较少。但是想要练习好行书,则必须要有一支书写流畅的钢笔。钢笔不同于签字笔,它可以更好地适应行书的书写顺序,保证书写出来的行书更加漂亮。明尖笔,弹性略大一点,笔画变化稍大,更适合书法。

推荐钢笔

适合练字的钢笔,日笔应该比欧笔更适合一些。推荐白金3776,百乐78G,写乐21K等。

选字帖临摹

买一本包含常用字在内的行书字体进行模仿练习是练习行书的基本方法。我们常说先学会走路再学会跑,如果还没有学会走路是不可能学会跑的。练习行书也是如此,首先是要学会名家的习作,学会他们的书写方式,照着样子先临摹、描红,然后再过渡到自己来练习书写。在具体选择的时候,一定要选用包括常用字在内的字帖,这样更加有利于今后的具体实践使用。

适合练习的字帖推荐以下启功《论书绝句百首》、梁鼎光的《钢笔临帖》、田英章老师的字帖、顾仲安的字帖。

坚持练习

写好行书并非一朝一夕之功,需要长时间的练习才能成功。对于初学者来说,如果有一定的书法基础,可以很快上手练习行书。如果还没有练习其他字体的书法基础,最好是先练习正楷字、钢笔字然后再过渡到行书的书写,这是学习的一个循序渐进的过程。因此,练习行书没有捷径可以走,有的就是每天坚持练习,持之以恒地坚持下去。一般来说,有一年左右的时间就可以书写出一手漂亮的行书。

连笔意识训练

通过笔画练习

要写好硬笔行书,首先要了解行书的运笔特点,即行书是流动的楷书,它的基本笔画就反映了这一特征。因此,我们通过基本笔画训练,逐渐掌握行书运笔要领,为写好行书奠定基础。

1、点画:行书点虽小,但很重要,起着笔画的起止、过渡、装饰、承上启下、画龙点睛的作用。点有独立点、组合点两种。

独立点,写法如楷书笔画中撇点,右下顿笔由轻到重转向左下,方向视下一笔画起笔位置而定。

组合点,横式排列、竖式排列,重点体现出点与点之间的呼应关系。

2、横画:行书横画在字中起平衡作用,随意性大,起、收笔变化多端,短横有时处理成点,数横并存忌平行划一,要姿态各异。

短横:起笔轻,收笔重,末端收笔可向左下勾出,以呼应下一笔。

长横:起笔向左下轻落笔,快而有力向右运笔,驻笔后左下方出锋运笔中间轻、两头重。

3、竖画:竖画有左竖、右竖、短竖、悬针、垂露之分。左竖向右上回锋与下笔呼应;右竖向左下出锋引带下画。

悬针竖:垂直书写,出锋不可随意甩出,以免轻浮。

垂露竖:收尾呈露珠状,但不一定垂直,往往左侧向左凸,右侧向右凸。

4、撇画:撇在字中是支撑重心作用,具有较强的运动感,其特点飘逸劲健,灵动活泼。

小撇:乃字之精神,写法与楷书同。要注意长短、粗细及笔的走向,出锋锐利。

长撇:中间部分要粗些,但勿过分,笔法与楷书同。

回带撇:起笔、中间部分与楷同,只是收笔处回锋出钩,以连带下面笔画。

5、捺画:在字中支撑字的重心,姿态飘逸,一波三折,给人以流动的美。

斜捺:由轻到重再轻收笔出锋,与左撇呼应,行书中亦可写成反捺或捺点:

平捺:写法同捺,关键把握好它的角度和长短。

6、钩画:钩画种类繁多(竖钩、横钩、卧钩、斜钩、弯钩、竖弯钩、横折钩、横折弯钩等),要做到稳重而有气势,体现出内在力量。

橫钩:逆势起笔与上笔遥相呼应,转角处不必像楷书那样严格,但要有力;

竖钩:竖垂直钩处多变,可向左上勾出,亦可作左下方出锋。

7、折画:折画一般在字的外围,对字包围之势,书写要有力度,笔势内聚,使字不散。

竖折:由上至左下快速落笔,蓄势向右上方徐徐运笔,中间微上凸;

横折:起笔重落,徐向右运笔,拐弯处快速向下弯去,至收笔处稍驻。

8、提画:提画尖锐挺拔,劲健有力,能增加字的力度和速度,美观。可分为短提、长提、撇提。

提:行书提起笔由上而左下迅速落笔,稍驻回笔向右上方迅速挑出,出锋尖利。

通过偏旁部练习

偏旁部首是笔画的初步组合,虽然行书没有一定书写规则,但笔画走向却有相对固定写法。因此,我们依照人们的书写习惯,约定俗成的写法来领会,并举一反三。

一、偏旁部首的练习

二、偏旁部首在字中不同位置的变化写法训练

偏旁部首出现于字的上、下、左、右、里、外不同位置时,写法也不尽相同,使得汉字书写千变万化。我们了解了这些变化要领,就可以触类旁通,掌握书写规则,熟习它们的变化规律,举一反三,就可收到事半功倍的效果。

1、土部在左时竖画偏右,下横改提以让右;在字右部时,两横间距拉开:在字上、下时,两横间距紧凑,避免结构松散。

2、火部在字左侧斜撇改为竖撇,捺变点收缩;居字上部笔画收缩,改捺为点;如在字右部或下部撇捺向两边伸展。

3、木部在左时横短竖长且偏右,捺改点;在右时横短竖长,撇捺伸展;在字上竖较短,撇捺张开;在字下横画长,竖带钩,撇捺改点。

4、日部竖画柔和自然,横折与竖画协调,中横居中不要太满,底横不可超出右竖。作左偏旁时较窄;在字右部地位适中。

5、月部竖撇较长,里面两横偏上不写满。月旁在左写得瘦窄些;在右侧写得丰满些。

6、方部点斜取势,横与点保持间距,弯钩重心。方在左横画右边不能长;在字下部点与横相交。

7、石部在左位置偏上,字形略小,以让右;在字下部要横长撇短;品字结构要上正左小右大。

8、耳部笔顺先横后竖再三横,在字左悬针改垂露,下横变提在右侧稍丰满些;居字上部悬针短。

9、米部在字左侧时横短竖长,捺变点;在字右边撇捺伸展;居字上部竖画的下部短;在字下部,竖画的上部短。

10、禾部用作左旁,撇橫间距拉开,竖偏右,捺改点;在右时,左撒收缩以让左;禾部在字上写法有两种:①下部伸展,禾部收缩;②下部收缩,则禾部散捺伸展。

总之,笔画之间要遵循上、下、左、右伸缩,高、低、顾、盼照应的规律。 三、相似偏旁部首的区别训练 行书写法简省笔画,再加之勾挑、牵丝相连,从而出现一些相似部首容易混淆。

因此,我们有必要对其分析,找出规律、异同,掌握正确的书写方法。 1、言字旁和三点水二者主要区别在第二笔。言字旁横折提的横折处实、重;三点水第二笔为右点收笔与第三笔虚连、轻。

2、提手旁和牛字旁都是一笔完成。区别是提手旁第一笔为横,牛字旁是撇折,因此,提手旁第一笔逆势过大很容易写成牛字旁。

3、木字旁与反犬旁区别:

①第一笔笔画和笔势不同,木旁为短横,由左至右上挑,反犬旁为撇,由右上至左下再上覆连弯钩。②第二笔木旁为竖,笔势直;反犬为弯钩,笔势弧形。

4、奉字头与卷字头区别在首笔,奉字头是横,卷字头为合两点,如将合两点写得过近,连丝过粗,近似短横,则二者就相像了。

5、四字头和血字底笔画、笔势相同,区别在最后一横。四字头横画缩在左竖与右折钩内,而血字横将二者托起。

6、立字旁和足字旁下部完全一样,不同点在上部:立旁是右点加斜横,足字旁是口为首,只要笔画与牵丝交待清晰,二者不难分辨。

7、示字旁与禾字旁区别在于起笔不同:示旁右点带钩呼出横画,禾旁为小撇,呼出横画;横竖画转接处不同,示旁在下部,禾旁在上部。

8、贝字旁与欠字旁运笔方法基本相同。要区分二者,第一、欠旁起笔为撇而且较长,撇出后回笔短;贝旁起笔竖且短,回锋长。第二、欠旁是撇折钩,弯头小;贝旁是竖弯折,弯头大。

9、左耳旁和右耳旁笔画、笔势完全相同,区分在于左耳旁不封口,竖为垂露且短些;右耳旁封口,竖为悬针且稍长。

10、绞丝旁与双人旁二者最大区别是双人旁第二笔为撇,之后笔不离纸由撇原路返至中间作竖向右上回锋,意连下一笔;绞丝旁折笔处是两弧形,无撇画、竖画,收笔回锋斜上作提。

通过具体字训练

笔画与偏旁是结字的基础,最终要结合成端庄、美观、令人赏心悦目的汉字。我们从思想上要有笔画之间是流动的,不是僵死的;笔画之间是呼应的,而不是孤立的这种连带或笔断意连意识。

1、连横训练

2、连竖训练

3、竖连横训练

4、连横连竖训练

5、横竖横相连训练

6、其它笔画相连的训练

毛笔行书

基本技法

笔法

笔法指执笔和用笔,写行书的人一般都练习过楷书,所以执笔和用笔都有了基础。但是,行书的笔法比楷书要丰富得多。要做到中锋用笔,方圆兼备,中、侧锋并用,点画之间以牵丝映带、似连非连、笔断势连的形式贯通气脉。

点画写法

行书点画要注意呼应,同时应在平整中取攲侧之势,在匀称之中得疏密之形,使之变化多姿,特别要注意的是,牵丝往来要有笔断意连之妙,运笔快慢要得疾涩相生之意。圆转处要劲气內敛,方折处要如削金断玉,明快洁净。

结构

行书结构千变万化,但基本原则是要重心平稳,变化自然,顾盼呼应。行书多用奔放之笔取攲侧之势,但无论如何奔放也要重心平稳,特别是攲侧中站稳重心,这种奇正相成的结构是行书的特点。行书多变化,变化要顺乎自然。字行大小、疏密、长短、伸缩、开合、俯仰、向背等自然之行,初写时要尽各字真态、本色,切忌故意造作,制奇弄险,走入流俗,能得自然之美方是真本领。至于点画之间顾盼生情,相互呼应要如闻其声,则字字都活泼而有生气了。

章法

行书章法多用纵有行、横无列,或纵无行,横无列两种。字与字之间要有內在联系,行与行之间要有意态呼应。不必故意笔笔相连,贵在气息贯注,笔断意连。通篇字的大小变化、疏密对比、伸缩之宜都要合乎自然,章法要如音乐之旋律,如诗词之有声律。诗词的“平平仄仄平平仄”抑扬顿挫,一如行书的疏密奇正伸缩,对比中求和谐,对立中求统一。虽是“疏可跑马,密不容针”,仍要密不迫塞,疏不散漫,总之要浑然一体,一气呵成,无意之佳为最妙。

练习方法

选笔

初学者在书写行书时,不论是行草还是行楷,因对毛笔的使用以及落笔的轻重缓急尚未把握,可以选择兼毫来使用,兼毫兼具了硬毫和软毫的优点,较为容易上手,而且使用兼毫吸墨量适宜,不会导致初学者在书写行书时停顿出现墨水团影响纸面。

挑选毛笔是挑毛尖。笔头要尖、齐、圆、键,即:笔头的锋颖既尖锐似锥又要圆润,笔头既要修削整齐,笔尖又要丰满,富有弹性。一般笔杆多用凤尾竹、湘妃竹、花竹、紫竹制成。挑选笔杆时要看笔管是否圆正光滑,不瘪、不裂、不弯、不斜,长短适度。笔杆上有篆刻的,要看它是否镌秀清晰;有镶嵌的,要看是否曲雅古朴。最后,要看笔头与笔杆是否粘牢,笔头有无发霉、虫蛀现象。先用手轻轻晃动笔头,不能出现松动现象,再轻轻弹笔杆,看是否有掉毛,有毛掉睛,不是虫蛀,便是发霉。检查毛笔笔头是否发霉,还可以闻闻有无霉味。

选字帖临摹

(1)挑选字帖。挑选一本孩子比较喜爱的、点画比较工整的、结体比较匀称的字帖来临摹。毛笔字帖,应挑选字体小一点的字帖,这样可省去缩小的工夫。

(2)先摹后临、临摹结合在习字时,要先摹后临、临摹结合。毛笔照着字帖上的字一点一画地描红。要求写的笔迹不要越出字帖字外,都写在字帖上字的点画中间。这样,久而久之,就容易学到字帖上字的结构。所谓临,就是把字帖放在习字纸旁;照着帖上的字依样画葫芦。要求点画写得象,有轻重节奏和粗细的变化。这样,久而久之,就容易学到字帖上字的笔意。由于临书比摹书难,因此要先摹后临,由于临和摹是两种相辅相成的学字手段,因此要临摹结合,循序渐进。

(3)仔细读贴。再者,临摹前要仔细读帖。对帖上的字,其点画怎样书写,结构怎样安排,章法怎样布置,都要仔细琢磨并从中找出规律,这样就容易写得有兴趣,也容易写得象,写得好。临摹时,不能贪多贪快,每天坚持一、二小时,反复地临摹几个字,这样才会有真正的收获。对难写的字,更要知难而上,多临摹,多比较。

坚持练习

练习,持之以恒地坚持下去。一般来说,有一年左右的时间就可以书写出一手漂亮的行书。

练习行书在开始的时候有一个适应的阶段,熟能生巧,从一个字到一段字,从几个字、一行字到一篇字,逐渐掌握行书的规律,慢慢也就形成了属于你自己的行书风格。要善于从多方面吸取营养,名人题字,商家牌匾,学校老师甚至是同学之间,只要认真观察,都可以找到别人写的好字,学会了,就成了自己的字。

行书技巧

增加钩挑与牵丝

楷书书写要一笔一画、工工整整,行书则不然,是将点画连起来书写,即所谓“相间流行”,所以行书书写时在点心之间自然地出现或增加了由于用笔带出来的钩挑和牵丝。所谓钩挑是在原来没有钩挑的点画上,行笔时顺势写出来短钩,如“茂”等字。所谓牵丝则是在前后或上下笔本不相连的点画之间,顺笔势带出来细细的牵丝,如“发”“想”等字。在行书的点画之间有了钩挑与牵丝,则显得笔势流动通畅和谐,意态自然,给人一种生机勃勃的感觉。

注意:

钩挑与牵丝不能使用太多太弱,用多了,到处都是钩挑与细牵丝,显得用笔不干净利索,造型不美观;太弱了,钩脚如肉瘤,细丝如棉线,显得软弱无力,缺乏铁画银钩之健美。

以圆转代方折

行书转折处多采用草书圆转的写法,所以行书才显得笔势流畅。但需注意,行书的圆转中隐含着折意,写时仍需要驻笔、提按,否则圆润而无力,缺乏方圆兼备,方中有圆,圆中有方之妙趣,如“后”、“落”、“生”等字。

改变书写笔顺

小学老师强调写字注意笔顺,这确实是很重要,特别是楷书。然而在行书中,有时有意识地改变楷书的书写笔顺,而采用草书的笔顺,其目的是便于书写,同时也是为了造型的变化多姿,如“感”字。

注意:

一般地说行书写法也足先上后下先左后右,先内后外,但有时却反其道而行之,倒也别有风趣,如“风”“国”字等,但也必须注意,改变书写笔顺一定要因势利导,要合乎草书的规范。且不宜多,偶见则收,方能成趣,如果滥用成灾,使人乏味,就失败了。

用笔灵活

行书比楷书用笔灵活多变,同样的点画可以这样写,可以那样写,不受约束。如“也”字的浮鹅钩,一般是回锋收笔而出。但如果勾端由上翻笔而下也可以。又如木字旁,一般是写好横画和竖画后、笔势总是从左边带出撇挑,但从右边挑笔而上,然后顺笔就势写出撇挑,也有道理。如“杨”字。

起笔露锋入纸

楷书无论是点、横,还是撇、捺,都强调减锋为主。而在行书中起笔处以露锋人纸为多,因为露锋人纸,书写起来比较简捷方便,自然流畅,例如“生”字的左竖,“红”字的撇画及“工”字横画的起笔,“河”字三点水的侧点等,都是露锋人纸。然而必须说明的是,上面所说的字虽然都是露锋人纸,但不是随便的顺锋搭下一写,而是仍要“逆锋”,只是这个“逆锋”是要求凌空取势,即抢锋。不理解这一点,就会犯落笔尖细软弱的毛病。

注意:

露锋入纸,取势要求要快,写出字来,笔意就生动活泼.而藏锋取势较慢,笔意含蓄凝重。这两种写法各有所长,我们书写时相互结合掺用,这样可以各得其所,相得益彰。一般说,行书开头的起笔往往是露锋入纸,而以下的承笔处则多数是藏锋用笔。

以点代替其他笔画

为书写简便敏捷,行书常常以“点”来代替其他笔画,以短小的“点”代替其他较长大的笔画,可以使字的结构形态发生变化,造型更为别致。如将“京”,“影”字中的“小一字改写为三点则更敏捷,字型发生了变化,显得饶有趣味。又如“大”字,将捺笔写成侧点来表示,这样书写起来简捷流畅,造型也显得精悍朴实,别具风味。

体态多变

行书是介于楷书与草书之间的一种兼工带写的字体,它的使用范围很广,表现力丰富,常常一个字有几种写法,体态多变,姿态各异,如“是”字有四种写法,四个姿态,结尾收笔各有不同,有收有放,亦工亦草,情趣盎然。再如“英、落、草、奠、花”同是草字头,但写法各不相同,生动活泼,耐人寻味。如果同样的字或是字头字尾相同的字,写得千篇一律,没有变化,使人看了乏味,那就不称其为书法了。

运笔的技巧

中锋行笔

中锋行笔就是要使笔锋保持在点画中间行笔。中锋行笔是用笔的关键,是书法的生命。要能达到中锋行笔,就要在行笔时掌握好掌竖、腕平、笔杆直,同时还要随着墨液缓缓下流而不断调正笔锋,“令笔心常在点画中行”。篆、隶、楷书是这样,行书亦如此,如“乎”、“本”字除落笔和收笔外,中间所有的点画都是中锋行笔,“华”字亦是。

划重点:中锋行笔,笔迹圆润、道劲,妍美。

裹锋转笔

所谓裹锋转笔即是在转折处,用笔使毫不能太铺,要有所收敛,同时笔杆要稍加使转,以圆转代替方折,如“思”、“里”、“风”字的转角处即是。行书之所以比楷书书写简便,其中一个原因,就是以圆转代替方折。裹锋转笔,转折处玲珑流利,有一种活泼、自然的流动感。蔡邕在《九势》中所说的“转笔宜左右回顾,无使节目孤露”就是指裹锋转笔。但要注意裹锋转笔处,必须圆转中隐含折意,故书写时仍需驻笔、提按,否则圆而无骨,缺乏方圆兼备之妙趣。

折锋转笔

所谓折锋转笔,即转笔时如同写楷书一样,先提后折,顿笔后再调锋而下,只是书写速度略快些,转折处投有楷书那么方折,而是既看出是方折之意,又有圆浑之感,有骨有肉,骨肉兼备,即所谓“方中有回,圆中有方”。使人看了圆润、浑厚、劲挺。欲如此,则折锋转笔处要有方折的意味,折时要重些,轻重提按要一笔小苟,不能一笔带过。折锋转笔写出来的折画,不仅要方而见骨,而且要给人一种风骨挺立,神采飞扬的感觉。如“曲”“故”“总”字。

划重点:行书中的折笔写法,不外折锋转笔和裹锋转笔两种用笔。折锋转笔外露,裹锋转笔内含,各有千秋,但一般说在行书中以裹锋转笔为主,折锋转笔为辅。

衄锋勒笔

衄锋勒笔,就是点画中间稍用力顿挫一下,再中锋勒笔而出。衄锋勒笔大多数是用在反撩与撇的交接处,如“又”、“文”、“交”字的反捺中间用笔。衄锋勒笔,用笔收敛蓄势,短小精悍,而形态也有变化。这种用笔米芾书法中常用。

划重点:衄锋勒笔在衄锋时要有力,勒笔处要迅速,捺画末笔要收得住。

提锋连笔

提锋连笔即提笔连锋,也就是在点画相连处用笔提而不断,锋尖着纸带出牵丝。凡是点画间有牵丝相连者都是提笔连锋用笔。这种用笔的好处是:“是点画处皆重,非画处,偶相牵引,其笔皆轻。”(姜夔《续书谱》)且主次分明叉递相映带,如“墨”、“照”、“然”的点画牵引处。

在书写过程中,提和按,连和断,互为辩证的关系。提锋连笔是牵丝的写法,非牵丝处都是字的实画。我们在学习过程中,一定要注意用笔要实,不能虚,用笔要按不能提。只有按得下,方能提得起,只有实是实,方能虚是虚。

字组黄金法则

书法的形式是各种造型的组合关系。例如点画与点画的组合、结体与结体的组合、字组的组合、行的组合、区域的组合,直至笔墨与空白的组合等。这些组合从小到大,随着组合关系的不断扩大,审美内涵也逐渐丰富。

行书的结构和章法的规则要求主要是:结体大小轻重要适当,长短纵横要合度,疏密黑白要相称,左右欹正相呼应,使之错落变化,气势贯通,协调统一,神定气足。

以米芾的《苕溪诗帖》为例子,来窥探米颠他这部旷世作品里常见字与字之间的呼应的关系,进行一个简单的总结和归类。

欹正组合

欹正是指部分偏旁、部首或局部作倾斜、欹侧处理,又能倾而不倒,平中寓奇,增加字的变化和意外的奇趣。欹正得体就是说,歪的与正的阴阳配合到完美,指字写的很完美。

浓淡组合

书法是通过墨来表现的,墨法是书法的四大要素之一被书家重视。墨色的变化,一般有“浓、淡、干、湿、涨”。作品中的墨色的深浅枯润,可以造成雄奇或秀媚的书法意境。

大小组合

在行书作品中,字的大小是宾主关系,主次分明。把较大的笔画较粗的主字分布原则掌握了,较小的笔画较细的字分布原则也是一样的。

行书与草书组合

首先是字型结构方面,草书的字型变化很大,大小不一,不是内行的话一般很难辨认。而行书大小就比较一致了,看起来很工整。其次是笔法方面,草书笔法相对复杂些,且运笔较疾。而行书相对缓和,其锋刃体现在字形上,和草书有所区别。最后是章法。草书的章法是在起承转合中一气呵成,有一种大将风范。而行书则像一位隐士,不失工整,却又不乏气场。

粗细组合

线条,尤其是行书的线条,其轻、重、长、短、粗、细、浓、淡、枯、润等等,变化无穷,仪态万千,技法俱分高下,情态尽在其中。难怪有人说书法是“线条艺术”。

行书线条有其艺术法则的规范性。不是任何随意抹画出来的线条都可称之为行书艺术的线条,他们必须符合行书法则规范性要求并经过长期技法训练之后才能被书者所拥有。

这种规范性要求是客观的,不依书者主观意志为转移。书者只有在掌握了规范性要求的前提下方能发展和张扬其个性。区分写字与书法,必须首先看其是否具有“法度意识”即“规范意识”,是否符合规范性要求。

连体组合

连画写法在行书中,除了横、竖、撇、挑、捺、点、折、勾外,还常常有多个笔画连在一起写的情况,简称连笔或连画。连画的式虽然纷繁复杂,但分解起来,无非是直线弧线、转和折的组合。直线和爪线较易分辨,也较易书写,只要及时运腕,做到中锋行笔即可,比较不易分清的是转和折。书写复杂的连画时,必须注意灵活运腕和转折相间等原则。

横纵组合

主要表现为点画、部件或整体字形的长宽比例。楷书字形一般比例较为稳定,而行书则常随时进行调整。

省略组合

一般情况是凡字的固有笔画则重些,而两画之间的连接相应轻些,但不可截然跳动,否则呆板无神。牵丝形成连的效果是行书的主要特征之一,但却要运用得当。一味的牵连缠绕,当断不断,反而弄巧成拙,形成浮滑薄弱之病,是行书书写中的大忌。一位书法家讲过“连与断效果不同,连易断难,故当知断”。因此将牵丝引带与点画呼应分开来讲以区别它们的不同功用,这是行书的又一重要特征。

疏密组合

疏密体现在结字上,就是要加强对比,制造视觉反差。如势巧形密与意疏字缓。

排列组合

从汉字的特点和人的生理习惯来看,因为是右手写字,左手执册个字的笔顺自然是从上至下,自左而右的方便。如果从右往左写,写左半部时,毛笔势必挡住右半字形,不便于安排结构,影响结字的美观。而每个汉字的未笔都是在中下或右下,写完上一字的末笔紧接着写下一字的起笔,竖式书写比横式书写更方便,更便于笔势的连贯。

十大行书

第一行书

《兰亭序》是王羲之47岁时的书作,记述的是王羲之和友人雅士会聚兰亭的盛游之事。全篇从容娴和,气盛神凝,逸笔天成,匠心独运而又不毫无安排造作的痕迹。这样资质超群、功力深厚的作品,被评“为天下第一行书”,确实是当之无愧的。

第二行书

《祭侄文稿》,全名《祭侄赠赞善大夫季明文》。原作纸本,纵28.8厘米。横75.5厘米,共234字(另有涂抹字30余个)。现藏台北故宫博物院。颜真卿这篇《祭侄文草稿》是在极度悲愤的情绪下书写,顾不得笔墨的工拙,故字随书家情绪起伏,纯是精神和平时功力的自然流露。这在整个书法史上都是不多见的。可以说,《祭侄文稿》是极具史料价值和艺术价值的墨迹原作之一,至为宝贵。

第三行书

《黄州寒食诗帖》,纸本,25行,共129字,是苏轼行书的代表作。这是一首遣兴的诗作,是苏轼被贬黄州第三年的寒食节所发出的人生之叹。诗写得苍凉多情,表达了苏轼其时惆怅孤独的心情。《黄州寒食诗帖》彰显动势,洋溢着起伏的情绪。元朝鲜于枢把它称为继王羲之《兰亭序》、颜真卿《祭侄稿》之后的"天下第三行书"。

第四行书

《伯远帖》行书纸本,因首行有“伯远”二字,遂以帖名。此帖为晋代真迹,王珣书,故列希珍之宝。此帖行书,笔力遒劲,态致萧散,妍媚流便,是典型的王氏书风。是帖明末在新安吴新宇处,后归吴廷,曾刻入《馀清斋帖》,至清代时归入内府,并与王羲之《快雪时晴帖》、王献之《中秋帖》同列为三希堂法帖之一,现藏北京故宫博物院。

第五行书

《韭花帖》,杨凝式书,墨迹麻纸本,高26厘米,宽28厘米,共7行,63字。《韭花帖》是一封信札,内容是叙述午睡醒来,腹中甚饥之时,恰逢有人馈赠韭花,韭花非常可口,遂执笔以表示谢意。

第六行书

《蒙诏帖》,墨迹纸本,又名《翰林帖》,高26.8厘米,长57.4厘米,大字行书,计7行,27字,书于长庆元年(公元821年),当时柳公权四十四岁,年富力强,正是他书法创作的颠峰期,所以字如惊鸿击空。

第七行书

《张翰思鲈帖》也称《季鹰帖》,是欧阳询为张翰写的小传,属于行楷,无款。纸本,纵25.2厘米,横33厘米。共10行,每行九至十一字。字体修长严谨,笔力刚劲挺拨,风格平正中见险峻之势,是欧书中的精品。

第八行书

《蜀素帖》是米芾三十八岁时(1088年),在蜀素上所书的各体诗八首。此帖用笔多变,正侧藏露,长短粗细,体态万千,充分体现了他“刷字”的独特风格。结字也俯仰斜正,变化极大,并以欹侧为主,表现了动态的美感。董其昌在《蜀素帖》后跋曰:“此卷如狮子搏象,以全力赴之,当为生平合作。”

第九行书

《松风阁诗帖》墨迹纸本,纵32.8厘米横219.2厘米,全文计29行,153字。台北故宫博物院藏。

黄庭坚的行书,如《松风阁》,起笔处欲右先左,由画中藏锋逆入至左顿笔,然后平出,“无平不陂”,下笔着意变化;收笔处回锋藏颖。善藏锋,注意顿挫,以“画竹法作书”给人以“沉着痛快”的感觉。

第十行书

《土母帖》,行书墨迹,纸本。纵31.2厘米,横44.4厘米,10行,共104字。后有萧引高、王严实、王称等跋。《珊瑚纲》《书画汇考》《墨缘汇观》《石渠宝笈续编》著录。台北故宫博物院藏。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书,又称“行押书”,也称“藁书”,是介于楷书和草书之间的一种书体。楷书稍加连贯,点画略带呼应,就是行书。行书写起来比楷书快,又比草书容易识认,所以是应用最广的书体。它既实用,又美观,写起来便捷。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4aE402auGgSmmtW0KQep9N"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncUyaQmms04Sa2zFsbUI2ud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书大致以其作品所具有的楷书和草书成分,划分为两类:作品中楷书成分较多的称之为行楷或楷行、真行:作品中草书成分较多的则称之为行草或草行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneY8iG0IKOSicElqlROpOTf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":240,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行书分类","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1e6d4cfb4c724fe2a50bc9fe27bff8dc","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnMiMuEeu6KU4Y6CxkhgVSwg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬笔行书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKCIIoaIocYeGw32CPfbbHg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写姿势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns0IOUKCaUeqMc34iSKLlUq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的书写姿势不只是为了好看,还可以使书写技能得到充分、有效地发挥,有助于书写者的身心健康。书写姿势同时也反映出书写者的修养,只有身正才会字正。正确的姿势应是头正、身直、肩平、胸舒、臂开、足安。(如下图)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8wqMMEEiWK8OiSzYNHJStb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":226,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"书写姿势","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a40508b1d7ef468ab40fdfcd01534c40","width":490},"text":"","id":"doxcnSUKKakM2KekcminomBeyLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、头部端正:头要居中,稍向前下方俯视,眼睛与纸面一尺距离,不可俯得太低,也不可左偏、右斜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY8s24cQaSg82y03cujOMIS"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、身直肩平:臀部平坐于椅子中间大部,不能扭向一边,两肩平齐,上身不弯曲,使上身重心安稳。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngQwUUyUQUkM4uefGQBv2gf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、臂开胸舒:两臂自然开张,两肘平放桌面,保持一线,腹背挺直,胸口与桌沿保持一拳距离,使呼吸顺畅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSoYiKiMyo0oYG4KjKiM9Ed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、腿开足安:两腿分开,与肩同宽,自然下垂,内侧保持平行,两脚平放地上,使全身平衡。正确的书写姿势,才能使字写得端正,重心平衡。同时,正确的姿势也会给人的身体带来益处。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns6mMuygeoOAAbeNdCTR3sR"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"执笔方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMwOuYqCOUmyOElewXFfoue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"执笔方法不正确,不但妨碍书写姿势,影响书写质量,还会给书写者身心健康带来危害,不可忽视。根据笔的自身特点,硬笔是三指执笔法,斜拿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKOyeGgCKysSuoR4AWMSTlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的执笔方法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4Y2OUi0EcSesIUbc1vozpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用拇指、食指、中指三个指头捏住笔杆(三指处于同一平面);","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngiwu0UCAOYacIu6KGL2H3r"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②指尖距笔尖约2.5cm~3cm(两指左右);","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY6kCIqw0i082UZUfuDnTDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③所有指关节都向外弯;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWqouSwww48YQ45GHVukRNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④笔杆位于食指的根部(如下图)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkoKMOqEkee8w8Vu8sYbtOg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":306,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"执笔方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2476017c5da14695a5b88c8300e664d5","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnk2eq26YwUeQye0miiDVODh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同时,还要做到:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmkYyAe0YMcmwsNUG9hBGmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①指实:拇指、食指、中指来自三方的力量,处在与笔杆垂直的同一圆角上,将笔杆夹牢,松紧适度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8MAI8SUaSEEowxU0syE1Rf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②掌虚:无名指和小指紧随中指下部依次靠拢,并向掌心弯曲、虛握。小指的整个底部形成一个环形底座,虚贴桌面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYqGg4KaqUsUm4I9Irngdfe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③杆斜:笔杆向右后方倾斜,紧靠在食指第三关节与虎口方向,与桌面呈45°角。如果写较大的字,手指向前伸直,笔杆与纸面角度减小;书写较小的字手指向掌心收缩,笔杆与纸面角度大,宜于精離细琢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWGwGcMy8qowe4sTzMLSAvd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsaya08WYQEEgOA9x1F1eDg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6WKOMyA0IiGeeq3QniKiwd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnawaQGACeGAi4A9G4AT0UCg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具备一支书写流畅的钢笔,是开始练习行书的基础条件。众所周知,随着技术的发展进步,签字笔已经深入到社会生活的各个方面,我们在绝大部分时候都是使用签字笔来写字,使用钢笔的时候比较少。但是想要练习好行书,则必须要有一支书写流畅的钢笔。钢笔不同于签字笔,它可以更好地适应行书的书写顺序,保证书写出来的行书更加漂亮。明尖笔,弹性略大一点,笔画变化稍大,更适合书法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEAOAGWos4YIA0nNNjF1oZ7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐钢笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYwCceOkKmec2ADd4rKqTZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"适合练字的钢笔,日笔应该比欧笔更适合一些。推荐白金3776,百乐78G,写乐21K等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4IuGQ8eQO2oostFB9eXq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th":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnMsK2WESqoEiqKUY0IGShnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、火部在字左侧斜撇改为竖撇,捺变点收缩;居字上部笔画收缩,改捺为点;如在字右部或下部撇捺向两边伸展。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnggoCmqUSKecQ0MaZM2Paeh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":96,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/eeebae2d7979437ba6fd3ad2d2530c84","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcn2s6Aae4oWSUIiqm98u96Ac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、木部在左时横短竖长且偏右,捺改点;在右时横短竖长,撇捺伸展;在字上竖较短,撇捺张开;在字下横画长,竖带钩,撇捺改点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncacUGAgeokiy8EVMkDPsTH"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":96,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a8c7266cdbc247bab3c0b69bd55b08a9","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnQmMme0SoAEi80Yiuvytgwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、日部竖画柔和自然,横折与竖画协调,中横居中不要太满,底横不可超出右竖。作左偏旁时较窄;在字右部地位适中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsMgeM6k0myGqeg2Z54zZJe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":96,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b07c184b095d46fcb29a2f2d5aa10c3e","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnWW0CkEcqCmeuaUh0HfRNog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、月部竖撇较长,里面两横偏上不写满。月旁在左写得瘦窄些;在右侧写得丰满些。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMEGyaOWI2MSSGAxxesNmAf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":96,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0533b72235844564877fe4162198fe03","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnQuesucyGOQGAQdNilSBHwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、方部点斜取势,横与点保持间距,弯钩重心。方在左横画右边不能长;在字下部点与横相交。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoO4sA8iwwisaWemxEIfBWd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":96,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7dd29e23e18948fabfa7cccc4c10ebe7","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcn6YoAW6oWcMyKEf7WPqMJXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、石部在左位置偏上,字形略小,以让右;在字下部要横长撇短;品字结构要上正左小右大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWmcsQaq0kGaSQTcVxk0q7f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":96,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9342f31800c54b8ab56f0f0d2ee84255","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnsaCWsGGKm4EcTizCRXWYlV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、耳部笔顺先横后竖再三横,在字左悬针改垂露,下横变提在右侧稍丰满些;居字上部悬针短。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEUWGMEoOQIKeUMwOcU1agq"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":96,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7e86a6d4028a44cd9e589fe27eb9923f","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcniCQsGI8QeaKIIr0GybZWzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、米部在字左侧时横短竖长,捺变点;在字右边撇捺伸展;居字上部竖画的下部短;在字下部,竖画的上部短。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKeMA6E2uw4WKukc3qURTzg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":96,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/989aa10495cf497bbdcf70cfe495fc6e","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnk0KYmI00yW02KcWhzaXl5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、禾部用作左旁,撇橫间距拉开,竖偏右,捺改点;在右时,左撒收缩以让左;禾部在字上写法有两种:①下部伸展,禾部收缩;②下部收缩,则禾部散捺伸展。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSagqI8kcWsmYkFVW3oX6Mc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":96,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/88cf217e36844147bbc244c4a267a610","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnM4mKuIAmSMemmqNAPkFODe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"总之,笔画之间要遵循上、下、左、右伸缩,高、低、顾、盼照应的规律。\\n三、相似偏旁部首的区别训练\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"行书写法简省笔画,再加之勾挑、牵丝相连,从而出现一些相似部首容易混淆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnciwugAsi8iQs8x41KnHlnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因此,我们有必要","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"对其分析,找出规律、异同,掌握正确的书写方法。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"1、言字旁和三点水二者主要区别在第二笔。言字旁横折提的横折处实、重;三点水第二笔为右点收笔与第三笔虚连、轻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQoEkQiWMaSsKYBpFrYuftg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fd1a6a74366142adbf7b3017f1e45fe5","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnCoC2yIas6SQ0GTr64LXZgb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、提手旁和牛字旁都是一笔完成。区别是提手旁第一笔为横,牛字旁是撇折,因此,提手旁第一笔逆势过大很容易写成牛字旁。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMG8sko60y8AQiOLzj5X3Ob"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/76bc21d0e08345c3b9846cec581829f2","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnUu8uiOyQSAaM6C7S2KnYIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、木字旁与反犬旁区别:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQS6ea6EwoaAq2jPQlDjw1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①第一笔笔画和笔势不同,木旁为短横,由左至右上挑,反犬旁为撇,由右上至左下再上覆连弯钩。②第二笔木旁为竖,笔势直;反犬为弯钩,笔势弧形。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaUMuiqSMUo6KwdgfLG5uad"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/260ad4c2456645de98a044ea520f5975","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnOU4CuYaQc0uACepy2epVZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、奉字头与卷字头区别在首笔,奉字头是横,卷字头为合两点,如将合两点写得过近,连丝过粗,近似短横,则二者就","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"相像","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWKG8oUKWsce4YLkSj3YJXg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/791c0b78ac8642e8860dee2e5a5cd632","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnK6Q4kIWggumuGCvQcO3STb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、四字头和血字底笔画、笔势相同,区别在最后一横。四字头横画缩在左竖与右折钩内,而血字横将二者托起。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCSiI6AwYOa8UghQvoBzPZc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ea706968b9bf49678554192d8150cb19","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcn0AAgcwOMmAcMnvqUZUeRbi"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、立字旁和足字旁下部完全一样,不同点在上部:立旁是右点加斜横,足字旁是口为首,只要笔画与牵丝交待清晰,二者不难分辨。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn48wkqOosgm0YE99tyiyfWh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/519166a675f54aaabfa73202fcca982d","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnUAESoqY4MeiWA37Alvwdac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、示字旁与禾字旁区别在于起笔不同:示旁右点带钩呼出横画,禾旁为小撇,呼出横画;横竖画转接处不同,示旁在下部,禾旁在上部。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM2qAMQQqWwIuKseGyWLQuh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/32318d6657204aab9d0a86c6821551ce","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcn662UUI4w6OikER4c9QpkUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、贝字旁与欠字旁运笔方法基本相同。要区分二者,第一、欠旁起笔为撇而且较长,撇出后回笔短;贝旁起笔竖且短,回锋长。第二、欠旁是撇折钩,弯头小;贝旁是竖弯折,弯头大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwM22o8KUakEOW4ji7mnv88"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/015d2ea4bd124825afc7296832d4e80f","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnAAkAusMmaqOgiGi7TcfrIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、左耳旁和右耳旁笔画、笔势完全相同,区分在于左耳旁不封口,竖为垂露且短些;右耳旁封口,竖为悬针且稍长。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWowuEOEe6i0IeoIKMWEpXf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c117bb052a9c4079a5b2834bde2267dc","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnqy6kUyg0a8C4AZXt4uuEXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、绞丝旁与双人旁二者最大区别是双人旁第二笔为撇,之后笔不离纸由撇原路返至中间作竖向右上回锋,意连下一笔;绞丝旁折笔处是两弧形,无撇画、竖画,收笔回锋斜上作提。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSyqAKukYUSEG6niaBJjQVd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过偏旁部练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e95dc279e97c42ab8cfe82456e844380","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnocU4S04eK4ySe0lGdlF7ic"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过具体字训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEkKyCI2ewomYGbZ4XwwJ6X"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画与偏旁是结字的基础,最终要结合成端庄、美观、令人赏心悦目的汉字。我们从思想上要有笔画之间是流动的,不是僵死的;笔画之间是呼应的,而不是孤立的这种连带或笔断意连意识。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuY2W4AQECEq6S84z5NTlFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、连横训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY0E6eCeKq6q20o4I9w0Wpe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":48,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过具体字训练","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/de514a527afa451da724b5eb84f9e3ae","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcnowoKeWMIOMOiGqMQOKXUFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、连竖训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKoe2ecsg80aC0U2KKIpQ2b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":48,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过具体字训练","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b6e0fb21cd314e57902ac0e6999b1ed5","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcn26uwuEGqcwCEh4IehFqxG5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、竖连横训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCiYyK2C46AUU4murhPnFRe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":48,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过具体字训练","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a60844c6b94a49e2afdd79f7006bc67e","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcn46IE2KwisWCiEFEulnKQZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、连横连竖训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyweIYkaagWIkILgsisFWEg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":48,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过具体字训练","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-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、临摹结合。毛笔照着字帖上的字一点一画地描红。要求写的笔迹不要越出字帖字外,都写在字帖上字的点画中间。这样,久而久之,就容易学到字帖上字的结构。所谓临,就是把字帖放在习字纸旁;照着帖上的字依样画葫芦。要求点画写得象,有轻重节奏和粗细的变化。这样,久而久之,就容易学到字帖上字的笔意。由于临书比摹书难,因此要先摹后临,由于临和摹是两种相辅相成的学字手段,因此要临摹结合,循序渐进。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC88eogKKM0YE8PDGFbRyje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)仔细读贴。再者,临摹前要仔细读帖。对帖上的字,其点画怎样书写,结构怎样安排,章法怎样布置,都要仔细琢磨并从中找出规律,这样就容易写得有兴趣,也容易写得象,写得好。临摹时,不能贪多贪快,每天坚持一、二小时,反复地临摹几个字,这样才会有真正的收获。对难写的字,更要知难而上,多临摹,多比较。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUS8KgaY4qQwyctvspKnzLf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":800,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"选字帖临摹","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a333a665d1cb4ff5909b128c743317db","width":800},"text":"","id":"doxcne46Wg00GCU0iQhZWcyf8ue"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"坚持练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuaYGKW6s6IsKMZ6vxv5BNg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习,持之以恒地坚持下去。一般来说,有一年左右的时间就可以书写出一手漂亮的行书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSae6k0m0YiME0ijVWnv9dh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习行书在开始的时候有一个适应的阶段,熟能生巧,从一个字到一段字,从几个字、一行字到一篇字,逐渐掌握行书的规律,慢慢也就形成了属于你自己的行书风格。要善于从多方面吸取营养,名人题字,商家牌匾,学校老师甚至是同学之间,只要认真观察,都可以找到别人写的好字,学会了,就成了自己的字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno6scGs40mgUwMPZyth6jQf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGgMkWIswy4aWI9CKClG7Yc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"增加钩挑与牵丝","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSOIwy6gug2yiILhCRiOt6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书书写要一笔一画、工工整整,行书则不然,是将点画连起来书写,即所谓“相间流行”,所以行书书写时在点心之间自然地出现或增加了由于用笔带出来的钩挑和牵丝。所谓钩挑是在原来没有钩挑的点画上,行笔时顺势写出来短钩,如“茂”等字。所谓牵丝则是在前后或上下笔本不相连的点画之间,顺笔势带出来细细的牵丝,如“发”“想”等字。在行书的点画之间有了钩挑与牵丝,则显得笔势流动通畅和谐,意态自然,给人一种生机勃勃的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneoSwSyoMioA4QJLpgKMPgh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEMm0Wiim0aYio9EpLvmFuc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钩挑与牵丝不能使用太多太弱,用多了,到处都是钩挑与细牵丝,显得用笔不干净利索,造型不美观;太弱了,钩脚如肉瘤,细丝如棉线,显得软弱无力,缺乏铁画银钩之健美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnakEyKiscmICk0G1mqmDlhe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以圆转代方折","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniqCwKOsae0wOagvh8GZHDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书转折处多采用草书圆转的写法,所以行书才显得笔势流畅。但需注意,行书的圆转中隐含着折意,写时仍需要驻笔、提按,否则圆润而无力,缺乏方圆兼备,方中有圆,圆中有方之妙趣,如“后”、“落”、“生”等字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQkQiuCyiM28aC6EesvkF2d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"改变书写笔顺","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaEIAc6086uaKIzU1Jth3wg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"小学老师强调写字注意笔顺,这确实是很重要,特别是楷书。然而在行书中,有时有意识地改变楷书的书写笔顺,而采用草书的笔顺,其目的是便于书写,同时也是为了造型的变化多姿,如“感”字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsusswkMGSWC8Mpqp9aoQHg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni08AcWw4cCOcuu7P5wB9Vb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般地说行书写法也足先上后下先左后右,先内后外,但有时却反其道而行之,倒也别有风趣,如“风”“国”字等,但也必须注意,改变书写笔顺一定要因势利导,要合乎草书的规范。且不宜多,偶见则收,方能成趣,如果滥用成灾,使人乏味,就失败了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnugsYwQYcGMKSWYp4jcFAFe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用笔灵活","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwiqGgAwkW22yeI4Qcpwe0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书比楷书用笔灵活多变,同样的点画可以这样写,可以那样写,不受约束。如“也”字的浮鹅钩,一般是回锋收笔而出。但如果勾端由上翻笔而下也可以。又如木字旁,一般是写好横画和竖画后、笔势总是从左边带出撇挑,但从右边挑笔而上,然后顺笔就势写出撇挑,也有道理。如“杨”字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyKsSm8ee886g2vkKvARPab"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"起笔露锋入纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoACYOUOiIiWEG48WX0lrwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书无论是点、横,还是撇、捺,都","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"强调","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"减锋为主。而在行书中起笔处以露锋人纸为多,因为露锋人纸,书写起来比较简捷方便,自然流畅,例如“生”字的左竖,“红”字的撇画及“工”字横画的起笔,“河”字三点水的侧点等,都是露锋人纸。然而必须说明的是,上面所说的字虽然都是露锋人纸,但不是随便的顺锋搭下一写,而是仍要“逆锋”,只是这个“逆锋”是要求凌空取势,即抢锋。不理解这一点,就会犯落笔尖细软弱的毛病。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIkGAgMgMogYqQHi9Fm9I7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEsugOog0QCUmEz5OzjipPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋入纸,取势要求要快,写出字来,笔意就生动活泼.而藏锋取势较慢,笔意含蓄凝重。这两种写法各有所长,我们书写时相互结合掺用,这样可以各得其所,相得益彰。一般说,行书开头的起笔往往是露锋入纸,而以下的承笔处则多数是藏锋用笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKIU0WQsqimACgZ0Ooo19Bb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以点代替其他笔画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGqaGISWekSeeyqOdiMEZxf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为书写简便敏捷,行书常常以“点”来代替其他笔画,以短小的“点”代替其他较长大的笔画,可以使字的结构形态发生变化,造型更为别致。如将“京”,“影”字中的“小一字改写为三点则更敏捷,字型发生了变化,显得饶有趣味。又如“大”字,将捺笔写成侧点来表示,这样书写起来简捷流畅,造型也显得精悍朴实,别具风味。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0guAaSMMWw2mW6V1Fkftvf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"体态多变","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKUgaEECkg4EMqauIuJBL1c"},{"type":"paragraph","childr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是:结体大小轻重要适当,长短纵横要合度,疏密黑白要相称,左右欹正相呼应,使之错落变化,气势贯通,协调统一,神定气足。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsaiImSecgksk8cz3YH93ec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以米芾的《苕溪诗帖》为例子,来窥探米颠他这部旷世作品里常见字与字之间的呼应的关系,进行一个简单的总结和归类。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0k0GoAkk4M0iuGds7YbXjh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"欹正组合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni0IM0WgG6uWwOcCtdiZNGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"欹正是指部分偏旁、部首或局部作倾斜、欹侧处理,又能倾而不倒,平中寓奇,增加字的变化和意外的奇趣。欹正得体就是说,歪的与正的阴阳配合到完美,指字写的很完美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnecmUemeyK40OCY8jRsbSsg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":546,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欹正组合","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/178baa7a39ff4180878c9ed9d61495ac","width":318},"text":"","id":"doxcnEscwYay0OiS6k37NVA6jvg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"浓淡组合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGqScguEQ08IGoPL2bznMkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"书法是通过墨来表现的,墨法是书法的四大要素之一被书家重视。墨色的变化,一般有“浓、淡、干、湿、涨”。作品中的墨色的深浅枯润,可以造成雄奇或秀媚的书法意境。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUme0EWuA8cSuApvrE9e3Td"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":568,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"浓淡组合","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e39795a3e25a4b60a9daf8c4009042ba","width":286},"text":"","id":"doxcnMMAiMamqmsyCqIXIP2QLMd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"大小组合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8qEswQyYs2sUwBccUgTHhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在行书作品中,字的大小是宾主关系,主次分明。把较大的笔画较粗的主字分布原则掌握了,较小的笔画较细的字分布原则也是一样的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUYgkWwG2Wc0qGk32NxN1Eb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":541,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"大小组合","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ff3fa39d3524981ac0cad71137a2061","width":314},"text":"","id":"doxcnCWWosyC0Ew0UKC7akSyYQd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书与草书组合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqWskck4EEGiuI5iXwtxs6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先是字型结构方面,草书的字型变化很大,大小不一,不是内行的话一般很难辨认。而行书大小就比较一致了,看起来很工整。其次是笔法方面,草书笔法相对复杂些,且运笔较疾。而行书相对缓和,其锋刃体现在字形上,和草书有所区别。最后是章法。草书的章法是在起承转合中一气呵成,有一种大将风范。而行书则像一位隐士,不失工整,却又不乏气场。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEYAKa2QISWGYKOvqhRwg4e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":277,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行书与草书组合","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/90383df048a94afdbec0e50c6e363e1b","width":136},"text":"","id":"doxcnqOQYg2CCYMWGOMPK5jJuHf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗细组合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneMYkwY4WawKOc56ueSLn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"线条,尤其是行书的线条,其轻、重、长、短、粗、细、浓、淡、枯、润等等,变化无穷,仪态万千,技法俱分高下,情态尽在其中。难怪有人说书法是“线条艺术”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniAesYqomOaiWQNzPg6UB5s"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书线条有其艺术法则的规范性。不是任何随意抹画出来的线条都可称之为行书艺术的线条,他们必须符合行书法则规范性要求并经过长期技法训练之后才能被书者所拥有。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8ciuaicgyg4mcnCRoD7lNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种规范性要求是客观的,不依书者主观意志为转移。书者只有在掌握了规范性要求的前提下方能发展和张扬其个性。区分写字与书法,必须首先看其是否具有“法度意识”即“规范意识”,是否符合规范性要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEwwgcSeMyww2aeKnEQXzRf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":456,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"粗细组合","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/62577865b9774ead80d124185e270c4d","width":293},"text":"","id":"doxcnUIcoak4Q6o2gUrpXEqE4Sf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"连体组合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOeQ8EO8Ge8oCkpN9t60Dze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"连画写法在行书中,除了横、竖、撇、挑、捺、点、折、勾外,还常常有多个笔画连在一起写的情况,简称连笔或连画。连画的式虽然纷繁复杂,但分解起来,无非是直线弧线、转和折的组合。直线和爪线较易分辨,也较易书写,只要及时运腕,做到中锋行笔即可,比较不易分清的是转和折。书写复杂的连画时,必须注意灵活运腕和转折相间等原则。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSYMSMI6UUa4mmSraJJaudd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":470,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"连体组合","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/867370770bee4648afd8b7559b887f80","width":302},"text":"","id":"doxcnYSgAmUkc6GEEkLOyNZIRzd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"横纵组合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnow2sCMeKYaiIoDvLXjC6af"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现为点画、部件或整体字形的长宽比例。楷书字形一般比例较为稳定,而行书则常随时进行调整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKc6gwMmueAKaeyTt7dXJRc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":471,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"横纵组合","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/75cbdf604198417e941ffd11199370f0","width":286},"text":"","id":"doxcn46OwQwoQYqg42THs98t3wd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"省略组合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk2CMU64sEm0gSw548IE2VX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般情况是凡字的固有笔画则重些,而两画之间的连接相应轻些,但不可截然跳动,否则呆板无神。牵丝形成连的效果是行书的主要特征之一,但却要运用得当。一味的牵连缠绕,当断不断,反而弄巧成拙,形成浮滑薄弱之病,是行书书写中的大忌。一位书法家讲过“连与断效果不同,连易断难,故当知断”。因此将牵丝引带与点画呼应分开来讲以区别它们的不同功用,这是行书的又一重要特征。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGImMyA66WGGool6dUqeHSc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":398,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"省略组合","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/dc641cc48d504137ae1d6796c42db352","width":306},"text":"","id":"doxcnW6AugC6ugCAKitgHX6I5li"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"疏密组合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk2yOeIS0umQWukupaUWQNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"疏密体现在结字上,就是要加强对比,制造视觉反差。如势巧形密与意疏字缓。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMeOasy4IwcuOaAdwZORYlf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":607,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"疏密组合","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/92eda23dfa57419bb10a5294d3b4054c","width":304},"text":"","id":"doxcnCoQyKuwCY4GWaCi7rmcChh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排列组合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ0U6suWSYA2k8huiC9BcTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从汉字的特点和人的生理习惯来看,因为是右手写字,左手执册个字的笔顺自然是从上至下,自左而右的方便。如果从右往左写,写左半部时,毛笔势必挡住右半字形,不便于安排结构,影响结字的美观。而每个汉字的未笔都是在中下或右下,写完上一字的末笔紧接着写下一字的起笔,竖式书写比横式书写更方便,更便于笔势的连贯。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw6AOCwqy2iiUsNlHTucuBc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":594,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排列组合","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cf2f1f640bed423d989fc7662315b362","width":291},"text":"","id":"doxcnKc4yU0sy0iYYagtL6U79fc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"十大行书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUKCEOaSMIg4kj6MxFAZVw3"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一行书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2EYocUG0IUUusjL56LBAOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《兰亭序》是王羲之47岁时的书作,记述的是王羲之和友人雅士会聚兰亭的盛游之事。全篇从容娴和,气盛神凝,逸笔天成,匠心独运而又不毫无安排造作的痕迹。这样资质超群、功力深厚的作品,被评“为天下第一行书”,确实是当之无愧的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnioSqq20aKCiW7RFRfehbED"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":640,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"第一行书","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2733fc0c42c34dd7a219da258e5c430b","width":1951},"text":"","id":"doxcngIa6o2qoUKoW0gQhOqmnHd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二行书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2mW26Oykc0uYsrwqZu8uRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《祭侄文稿》,全名《祭侄赠赞善大夫季明文》。原作纸本,纵28.8厘米。横75.5厘米,共234字(另有涂抹字30余个)。现藏台北故宫博物院。颜真卿这篇《祭侄文草稿》是在极度悲愤的情绪下书写,顾不得笔墨的工拙,故字随书家情绪起伏,纯是精神和平时功力的自然流露。这在整个书法史上都是不多见的。可以说,《祭侄文稿》是极具史料价值和艺术价值的墨迹原作之一,至为宝贵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2WayUS8SKU82OIzjUPZrDg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":640,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"第二行书","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/55f564bd244a488f873420c8cc5a08f6","width":1892},"text":"","id":"doxcnMW8GUQwYKm42aAFdDMZMSh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三行书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniiK0g2u0i0QwiiiupSSjPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《黄州寒食诗帖》,纸本,25行,共129字,是苏轼行书的代表作。这是一首遣兴的诗作,是苏轼被贬黄州第三年的寒食节所发出的人生之叹。诗写得苍凉多情,表达了苏轼其时惆怅孤独的心情。《黄州寒食诗帖》彰显动势,洋溢着起伏的情绪。元朝鲜于枢把它称为继王羲之《兰亭序》、颜真卿《祭侄稿》之后的\"天下第三行书\"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneeW2se8eo6sOgHjTXo6OSg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":349,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"第三行书","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/90b2d9bc09dd4ba88fc8696728112a7e","width":1112},"text":"","id":"doxcn62cWE4MyG0muKSd1uTQstg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"第四行书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOuiE0OuW2GWEWwpaHhMBch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《伯远帖》行书纸本,因首行有“伯远”二字,遂以帖名。此帖为晋代真迹,王珣书,故列希珍之宝。此帖行书,笔力遒劲,态致萧散,妍媚流便,是典型的王氏书风。是帖明末在新安吴新宇处,后归吴廷,曾刻入《馀清斋帖》,至清代时归入内府,并与王羲之《快雪时晴帖》、王献之《中秋帖》同列为三希堂法帖之一,现藏北京故宫博物院。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnamGYYI80IO0WxrvscdfNFe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":777,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"第四行书","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/99fcf6f49e0e4e6688ac9ca0a6a3f573","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcn8KWE0Q2YY2YmqUH1DjoBgg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"第五行书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaSq8M6wsaemqaotPOhcxWe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《韭花帖》,杨凝式书,墨迹麻纸本,高26厘米,宽28厘米,共7行,63字。《韭花帖》是一封信札,内容是叙述午睡醒来,腹中甚饥之时,恰逢有人馈赠韭花,韭花非常可口,遂执笔以表示谢意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGs6aQk2IMmASC45hI5IY7c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":611,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"第五行书","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/12394805404042cf86627f9aa507bb23","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnwEcGaaQCc8mmw3MOWCSlxh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"第六行书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmC6EgUC8YkcoK2oF7Cbmhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《蒙诏帖》,墨迹纸本,又名《翰林帖》,高26.8厘米,长57.4厘米,大字行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6. cj46自升式钻井平台 载重吨

对于很多热爱播音的人来说,学习播音不仅能让人具备更好的表达能力、思考能力、沟通能力、组织协调以及领导能力,而且学得好,可以实现当播音主持的梦想。那么如何学播音呢?

什么是播音

播音定义

播音的定义有广义和狭义的区分。

广义:指电台、电视台等电子传媒所进行的一切有关声音语言和副语言传播信息的活动。

狭义:播音员和节目主持人运用有声语言和副语言,通过广播电视传媒进行传播信息的创作。

播音的要求

发音正确,吐字正确。

用标准的普通话播读,特别要注意多音多义字,古诗文中特别要注意按意定音。不添字不少字不读破句,朗读清晰完整。

语速适当,用心感受

要抓住文章特点,使节奏流利和谐,缓急结合。

语调生动,轻重适宜

根据需要,分出轻重缓急,分清抑扬顿挫,表达出文章的思想感情。

播音学习技巧

对播音员而言,具备良好的语言表达能力犹如进入这一行的钥匙,假如无法打开这道门,就无法担任播音主持的工作。想要具备娴熟的语言表达能力、专业化的播音能力,就需播音员通过长时间努力练习及不断探索

普通话标准

普通话标准是播音主持上岗的基本条件,如何达到普通话标准呢?主要可以从以下几个方面着手。

声母

声母包含b、p、m、f、d、t、n、l、g、k、h、j、q、x、z、c、s、zh、ch、shi、r

声母按发音部位的分7类:

1、双唇阻:上唇与下唇成阻。下唇向上运动与上唇接触,双唇闭拢成阻。双唇阻声母有b、p、m。

2、唇齿阻:上门齿与下唇成阻。上唇稍抬,稍露出上齿,下唇向上,唇缘线与上门齿靠拢、接触成阻。唇齿阻声母有f。

3、舌尖前阻:舌尖与上门齿背成阻。舌尖平伸,与上门齿背接触或接近成阻。舌尖前阻声母有z、c、s。

4、舌尖中阻:舌尖与上门齿龈成阻。舌尖向前上方抬起与上门齿龈接触、抵住成阻。舌尖中阻声母有d、t、n、l。

5、舌尖后阻:舌尖与前硬腭成阻。舌体稍向后缩,舌尖向上方翘起,与硬腭前部接触或接近成阻。舌尖后阻声母有zh、ch、sh、r。

6、舌面阻:舌面前部与硬腭前部成阻。舌尖向下前伸抵住下齿背,舌面向上抬起,接触或接近硬腭前部成阻。舌面阻声母有j、q、x。

7、舌根阻:舌根与硬腭软腭交界处成阻。舌体后缩,舌根隆起与硬腭和软腭交界处接触或接近成阻。舌根阻声母有g、k、h。

韵母

按汉语语音学的传统分析方法,把汉语音节中声母以后的部分叫韵母。韵母由单元音或复合音充当,普通话中有39个别韵母。

1、10个单韵母:a、o、e、ê、i、u、ü、-i(前)、-i(后)、er

2、13个复韵母:ai、ei、ao、ou、ia、ie、ua、uo、üe、iao、iou、uai、uei

3、16个鼻韵母8前8后:an、en、in、ün、ian、uan、üan、uen、

ang、eng、ing、ong、iong、iang、uang、ueng

调值

声调是汉语音节结构中不可缺少的成分,它同声母、韵母一样,有区别意义的作用。

调值是指音节声调的相对音高。调值通常采用“五度标记法”记录,用一条竖线表示声音的高低,从下面最低点到最高点共分为五度,分别用1、2、3、4、5依次表示。

普通话各类声调的调值为:

阴平:高平调,55

阳平:高升调,35

上声:降升调,214

去声:全降调,51

练习方法

1、练习绕口令

通过绕口令练习,可以提高口语能力,把握住文字发音音准,学好拼音字母,掌握发音部位,反复进行训练,让自己普通话的发音准确度更高。

2、制定训练计划

要有计划的进行普通话训练,了解自己的基础,制定合理的计划,规定每天的练习量,以周为单位,在不断训练中查找不足,并不断提升。

3、掌握训练要领

坚持用普通话进行日常会话,可以读一些报纸上的文章,或者拿出词典,多多进行发音练习,提高发音准度。

气息控制

气息控制是播音从业人员需要达到的最基本要求。

播音发声气息的要求

一、持久的气息控制能力

气息控制是作为一个播音员的基本的条件,如果播音员播一篇长篇的稿件时要求声音由始至终保持一定力度,不减不衰,从容不迫,这就要求对气息有持久的控制能力。

二、气息控制要有稳劲儿

播音员要根据节目内容的要求调节气息压力,该强就强、该弱就弱,吸气量要大于日常说话,呼气时要保持较为稳定的压力,调节自如。

三、能做到快吸慢呼,并能根据需要及时补气

播音语言,一般句子长度比口语长,结构比较复杂,间歇比口语少而短。要把每个句子播得完整而有层次,就需要按照句子结构用气,绝不能因气不够用而停下来吸气,要求播音员呼气的持续时间要尽量长,而且要掌握在句子进行中补气、偷气的技巧。

四、做到短时间无声吸气

即要求播音员能作较长时间的呼气及保持一定的气息压力,吸气量就必须比平常大一些,吸气速度快一些,播音员依靠话筒传声,话筒灵敏度高,很容易混入吸气的杂音。而吸气杂音多,会给人不从容的感觉,甚至会使人厌烦。因而,播音员必须学会在短时间内吸气无声。

五、呼气时要注意的两点

1、尽量保持两助张开支撑感(实际仍会塌下收回一些)。

2、着重体会,在这种呼吸肌的配合中、靠腹肌收缩往外送气流的感觉。这一步练习主要体会胸腹联合式呼吸方式中,腹肌参与吸气、呼气控制、特别是收腹呼气的感觉。随着呼吸控制能力及隔肌与腹肌配合能力的增强,吸气量可加大到八、九成满,只需注意呼气时,仍不要有明显地“扼喉”感。

播音发声气息控制具体实施方法

没有气息,声带不能颤动发声。但只是声带发出声音是不够的。想要嗓音富于弹性、耐久,需要的是源源不断供给声带气流。

一、胸腹联合呼吸法

吸气后两肋扩大,横膈膜下降,小腹微收。胸腹联合呼吸法是朗读时应该掌握的方法。这种呼吸活动范围大、伸缩性强,可以使气息均匀平衡。理想的状态是做到“吸气一大片、呼气一条线;气断情不断,声断意不断”。

练习方法:

1、慢吸慢呼,双目平视前方、头正、肩放松,像在旷野呼吸花香一样,慢慢吸足气。要感觉到腰腹之间充气膨胀,气入丹田,但是要收小腹,保持几秒后,轻缓呼出。

可以在呼气的时候加入以下练习:呼气时练习xiao lan(拼音小兰),一声声渐渐远去,或者数数1、2、3、4……,嘴上用力,发音之间不要闭住声门,不要跑气换气,数得越多越好。

2、快吸慢呼,快速短促地吸气,并保持气息,呼气时缓缓呼出,配合声音,平稳均匀。

呼气时,可以通过以下发声练习:巴、拔、把、爸、低、答、底、大。

换气时,可以进行以下练习:广场上,红旗飘,看你能数多少旗,一面旗、两面旗、三面旗、四面、五面旗……,相声小品里的“数来宝”经常用这个形式,大家可以观察演员的呼吸。

二、强控制练习

要求气要吸得深并保持一定量,呼气要均匀、通畅、灵活。强控制练习需要一点声乐练习知识,在这里不好介绍。大家可以回想:《智取威虎山》里杨子荣喝酒唱歌那一段,最后结尾有个“啊—哈、哈、哈、哈哈哈……”基本的感觉就是这样。要体会膈肌和腹肌的作用,发声的时候气息是应该下沉的。

参考练习诗词:岳飞《满江红》、毛泽东《忆秦娥·娄山关》、陈然《我的“自白”书》,新闻联播播音员在播报简讯的时候,一般都用强控制。

三、弱控制练习

1、吸气深呼气匀。缓慢持续地发出ai、uai、uang、iang四个音。

2、夸大声调,延长发音,控制气息。花红柳绿H—ua、H—ong、L—iu、L—v(发音时,声母和韵母之间气息拉长,要均匀、不断气)。

3、通过夸大连续,控制气息,扩展音域。

参考练习诗词:李白《静夜思》、孟浩然《春晓》等。气息控制训练可以把握“深(吸得深)、匀(呼得匀)、通(气通畅)、活(用灵活)”四字方针,注意气息和内容的结合。单纯的语音、气息训练效果并不好,需要大家在实际朗读过程中不断体会、运用。

共鸣控制

共鸣对于播音发声的重要性体现在播音是以言语发声的过程,要想声音圆润集中,需要改变共鸣条件。

共鸣控制要领

根据解剖学原理,共鸣器官能够受控并随意活动的是软腭、咽部和舌部,共鸣控制主要关注这三部门肌肉的活动组成结果。

1、提起颧肌

颧肌稍带紧张感,使该部位肌肉向外上方稍稍提起,这就是提颧肌。提颧肌能使我们的发音更清晰、明亮。

2、打开牙

指双侧上后槽牙保持向上提起的感觉。这样就加大了口腔开度丰富了共鸣。考生可以用含有“Q”的音节来做夸张的练习,将会取得明显效果。

3、放松下巴

下巴紧张会导致舌根和喉头的紧张,进而导致发声吃力,声音也将发紧,有意的放松下巴就会使我们的发声吐字更加自如。

共鸣分类及训练

1、口腔共鸣:口腔共鸣的获得是要在发音时,口腔自然上下打开,笑肌微提,下腭自然放下稍后拉,上腭有上提的感觉。口腔共鸣发声最主要的一点,是发声的时候鼻咽要关闭,不产生鼻泄露。

通过下列练习大家可以体会一下,基本都是以开口元音为主练习:ba、da、ga、pa、ta、ka、peng、pa、pi、pu、pai。普通话的四个声调,准确的叫法是第一声—阴平,第二声—阳平,第三声—上声,第四声—去声。我们在进行声音训练的时候,多用阴平声调进行,这样有利于体会声音和气息。

词组练习:澎湃、冰雹、拍照、平静、批评,哗啦啦、噼啪啪、咣啷啷、扑嗵嗵、胡噜噜、快乐、宣纸、挫折、菊花、捐助、吹捧。

绕口令:山上五株树,架上五壶醋,林中五只鹿,柜中五条裤,伐了山上树,取下架上醋,捉住林中鹿,拿出柜中裤。

2、鼻腔共鸣:鼻腔共鸣是声波在鼻骨上的振动,即将声音的焦点定位在鼻腔。

鼻腔共鸣是通过软腭来实现的,标准的鼻辅音m,n和ng就是这样发声的。有人觉得鼻音重显得声音好听、有厚度,但是过多的鼻音有如感冒,是不好的。发a、i、u的音,加点鼻腔共鸣体会,加鼻辅音ma、mi、mu、na、ni、nu。

词组练习:妈妈、光芒、中央、接纳、头脑。

蓝蓝的天上白云飘,白云下面马儿跑,挥动鞭儿响四方,百鸟齐飞翔。

3、胸腔共鸣:是指声带振动激起气管内空气柱振动而传送到肺再扩及整个胸腔引起共振产生的整个共鸣包括横隔膜以上至气管顶端的整个脑区。

胸腔的空间及共鸣能量大,发出的声音有深度和宽度,声音更浑厚、宽广。“a”元音直上、直下、滑动练习。词组练习:百炼成钢、翻江倒海、追悔莫及。

小柳树满地栽,金花谢,银花开。

声音的弹性

声音弹性,是指播音时声音形式对不同播讲内容和形式的适应能力。声音弹性包括声音的高与低、强与弱、实与虚、明与暗、刚与柔、厚与薄、纵与收等多层次对比变化。

声音弹性的特点

1、可变性,不同语调和情感。

2、对比性,有起有伏。

3、复合性,不会单独存在,是多种结合的,如虚低,高实。

声音弹性训练方法

1、虚实练习

虚实练声方法是:吸一口气,然后屏住呼吸,让声门保持在闭合状态,开始发音,此时声音是响亮的实声。然后逐渐打开声门,声音由明亮到柔和的音色变化,这个时候注意体会喉咙的感觉,刚柔、厚薄、明暗等变化。

2、高低声练习

a、i、u由低音向上滑动,再从高音向下滑动。

这个练习主要可以锻炼自己对于音色的精细识别能力和控制能力,可以在自己不断的练习中感受。可以进行不同音高的朗读练习。用一句话,或一首诗,变化着不同的音高来进行练习。

如:“飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。”

先用习惯音高朗读一遍,然后逐渐降低音调朗读,读到不太能胜任的音高时又逐渐提高音调读,也是读到自己还能胜任的最高音为止。

3、强弱练习

远距离对话练习,练习时随时改变距离。

甲:喂—,喂—,小芳—

乙:嗳—

甲:快—来—啊—

乙:怎么了—呀—

甲:一起去看—电—影—吧

乙:好—啊!

夸张声音练习法:注意加大运动幅度,用丹田气发声。

快板是最明显的例子,想象说快板的演员发声的状态,自己找一段快板试试,体会声音的弹性。

4、练唱音阶法

声音音高与声带张力成正比例。

如果想提高音高,就须加强声带张力。反之则减弱。所以,进行音高的变化练习能有效地发展和增强声带伸缩变化的控制能力。

其中最有效的练习办法是利用钢琴来练唱音阶,在自己力所能及的音域内半度半度地下降,半度半度地上升,进行反复练习。没有条件的则可借鉴京剧演员喊嗓子的练声法,做绕音练习,从基础音开始,逐渐地向高、低音两头扩展。

发音中的情声气

语言是传递信息和交流思想情感的工具,存在于人际交流的有声语言情感,语声和气息是一个系统中的几个方面。

情:是指在播音过程中播音员服务于播,讲目的由具体稿件或者话题引发,并由有声语言表达出来,始终运动着情感情,情我们进行播音创作的依据。

声:声是播音员依据稿件或话题,使发声器官运用播音技巧所发出的表达思想情感包含大量信息,并通过电声设备进行传播,经过科学训练的规范化艺术化的有声语言。

气:气指的是在播音过程中未时有声,语言传情达意,播音员所控制自如使用胸腹式联合呼吸法所获得的发生动力。

情声气要求

1、情感需要具备最丰富的并能随时调动起来的思想情感,一方面播音员节目主持人要不断的加强自己的修养,锻炼和培养自己的政治艺术素养,使自己具备宽广的胸怀、纯真的情操、美好的憧憬、深邃的境界、蓬勃的志趣、灵动的活力等等,另一方面调动起来的运动者的思想情感一定要服从于稿件或话题的界定,服务于播讲目的。

2、对声音的要求是要能够充分的表达各类不同稿件所确定的不同层次,不同色彩的情感,能清晰明确的传递稿件所载有的所有信息,并具有各自声音形象特点。

3、播音发声对气息的要求是能符合播音员进行播音创作的要求,有一定力度呼吸控制自如完美的配合发声的气息。

总之,情感要取其高声音要取其中气息,要取其深以达到自整,腔圆清晰持久,刚柔自如声情并茂的境地。

发声练习常见的问题及矫正方法

虚声过多

主要表现:声音不实在,有些无力,没有足够的亮度和响度。

矫正方法:虚声过多的学生,要注意锻炼唇舌的力度,练习一些响亮实在的词语和绕口令,如“百步穿杨”“中国伟大”等力度较大的词组,以及绕口令《八百标兵》《白庙和白猫》等。新闻播音当中,基本以实声为主,一般不出现虚声,而且换气声不要太大。

声音过于靠后

主要表现:声音沉重,不明亮。发声过程中也容易疲劳和不适。

矫正方法:注意“两头紧中间松”,口腔和小腹加强控制,喉部保持松弛。舌根要灵活,不要太生硬。注意与口腔共鸣的调节方法相结合。

鼻音偏重

主要表现:声音暗淡,不响亮,影响语言的清晰度。

矫正方法:注意软腭挺起,牙关打开,减少过多的气流经过鼻腔。克服口腔、双唇的无力状态,保持积极的播音状态,不可过于懒散。

声音分散

主要表现:声音不集中,不饱满,冲击力不强。

矫正方法:在发声的时候注意嘴唇中间三分之一部分用力,力量不可过于分散。注意气流冲击硬腭前端,也就是我们说的声挂硬腭,使声音更集中,更有冲击力。

缺乏弹性

主要表现:声音缺乏变化,没有抑扬顿挫的对比。

矫正方法:加强对比训练,包括高与低,快与慢的对比训练等。高与低的训练,可以练习声音的爬高与降低。比如“伟大的祖国,伟大的人民”这句话,可以先逐渐升高地说,然后再逐级下降地说,体会声音的高低变化,丰富声音的层次。快与慢的训练,可以用不同速度来说一句话。比如“班干部不管班干部”这句话,可以分别用快速和慢速来练习,体会快与慢的变化。声音弹性的获得还需要情感的支撑,加强情声气结合。

日常学习方法

朗读朗诵

读书,大声读书。天天坚持朗读文章,既训练咬字敏捷清楚,又能掌握更多文学常识,更关键的是对播音大有益处,清喉扩胸,纳乾坤之气,成皓然之身。需要多读相关著作文章,每日坚持朗读三十分钟以上。

录像练习

倘若时间需要,每过一阵子,把声音和演讲内容进行视频拍摄,接着反复观看,探讨哪里存在问题导致卡壳,姿势和神情是否不自然,久而久之,口才以及心态表现都会有明显进步。

速读

找来一则演说稿或一则其辞优美散文片段。先把原文中不明白的字、词弄明白,接着开始朗读。通常刚开始朗读速率比较慢,之后逐次逐次加快,直到你能够做到的最快速率。朗读过程中不可以有间断,读音要准确无误,咬字要清楚,要尽可能保证发音的完整。速读一定要建立在咬字清楚、读音干净整齐的前提上。大伙儿都有听过体育频道的解说员的解说,他们的解说就让人有快而不乱的感觉,每个字、每个音都发得十分清楚,没有含混不清的地方。播音希望做到的快也就是这种快,咬字清楚,而不是只为快而快。

即兴读物

日常余暇时,随意拿张旧报纸,随机翻到一段话,接着一鼓作气读下来。在朗读过程中,尽量控制上半句看稿子,下半句离开稿子看前面(假设前面有听众)。长此以往能加强记忆力,提高理解和即兴构思能力。

转述法

转述法就是把他人说的话重新地讲述一次。需要找一位伙伴一同进行。第一步,请另一方随便讲一个话题,亦或是故事。自己需注意聆听。然后再向另一方转述一次。练习在于训练语言的衔接性、实地临场发挥能力以及语言表达组织能力。倘若能面对观众转述就更佳,还能够训练你的胆量,摆脱焦虑不安心理。

模仿

大多数人自小便会模仿父母或大人说话。实际上模仿的过程也是一种学习。儿时学讲话是向父母及身边人学习。那么,练习口才同样也可以利用模仿法,对有相关专场的人模仿,如电视主持。久而久之,口语表达能力也会有所提高。

①模仿特定个人。生活上找一位语言表达能力强的人,请他讲些精彩说话,拍摄下来,供你进行模仿。也可以把你喜欢又适合模仿的主播、艺人、相声家等的表演记录下来进行模仿。

嗓音的保护

科学练声

1、练声过程必须按照:“以情带声、以声传情、以情运气、气随情动;以情用声、声随情变;声情并茂、传情达意”的要求来进行。

2、在练习时,要注意发“暖声”,状态应该积极热情,面部呈“似微笑”状。同时还应该把握住练声的顺序,那就是—声音由小到大、由弱渐强、由低至高、由近及远、由实转虚、由短到长、由柔到刚。有些人在用声时喉部负担过重,有的胸口僵硬、气息沉不下来,还有的人声音过刚过直等等,这类要尽快改掉毛病,掌握科学的发声方法,通过大量练习完成量变到质变的过程。

3、避免超时超量超负荷运作,一般来说,晨练控制在20分钟至半小时为宜,主要目的是把嗓子练开、练舒服,切不可盲目加大嗓音运动量。在嗓音疲劳的时候,可以用气泡音来帮助消除疲劳。气泡音是弱气流冲击声带,声带在压力最自然的状态下发出的音,是一种很好的声带保健方法。

它的具体做法是这样的,喉要放松,喉结处于适中的位置,气吸到五到七成,发出比较明亮的颗粒性比较强的气泡音。最好以“啊”音的延长音作为练习材料【a----------】【a----------】【a-------------】。如果一时发不好,可以反复做几次伸舌的动作,把舌头用力地向外伸,张大口,这样可以起到调节喉结紧张度的作用。在喉部松弛的情况下再来发音。气泡音在练声前发可以起到活动开声带的作用,在练声后发能起到保健按摩的作用。在练声前后常做此练习可以有效的提高发声的效率。

日常注意事项

1、根据自身的嗓音条件,扬长避短、量力而行、循序渐进、持之以恒。一般来说,只要方法科学,练习得法,好嗓子是可以练出来的。

2、增强体育锻炼。发音器官健康与否,很大程度上取决于身体的健康状况。对于播音员主持人以及其他学习者来说,适当的增强耐力性的体育锻炼,例如跑步等等,能有效地提高我们呼吸肌肉群对于气息的控制力,从而大大提高发声的效率。

3、睡眠要充足,睡眠不足会引起声带充血、喉肌疲劳,致使声音黯淡嘶哑。

4、养成良好的生活习惯、饮食习惯。要避免烟酒刺激,抽烟会使声带粘膜干燥、充血、肥厚,使喉下分泌物增多,从而引起声音变低、音色昏暗沙哑等等。饮酒除了辛辣对喉部的直接刺激以外,还会使大脑以及发声器官功能失调。进行嗓音工作前半小时最好不要吃油腻的食品,否则容易造成嗓子不清爽、发粘。

5、女生例假期间,不要高声练习,最好少用嗓,因为这期间往往伴随声带充血、水肿,如果高声练习,容易产生声带小结。这时可以做些无声练习,例如唇舌力量、口腔开合度以及气息训练等等。

6、剧烈运动后不宜喝冷饮。人在运动时,声带处于发热充血状态。这时如果喝冷饮,声带遇冷会不正常收缩,长此以往,容易引起声带的病变。

总之,好的嗓子是按照科学的方法,经过严格的训练得来的。使用与保护是同时进行的,切不可盲目使用而不去保护,长此以往,声音变坏,甚至患严重喉疾病,被迫离开播音主持岗位,就很可惜了。

心理素质的培养

1、播音主持人在紧张的压力下会出现一系列相应的系统变化,如声带绷紧导致声音变高、变窄、声音抖动,呼吸急促导致气浅气浮;身体姿势和动作会发生变化,协作变得不自然,笨拙甚至僵硬;思维也会变得混乱等。

2、良好的心理素质是播音主持人需要具备的职业素养之一。在播音前,首先要克服紧张的情绪。紧张的情绪很多时候是自信心不足造成的,要增强自信心就需要播音主持人对节目的全过程有总体的把握,同时对可能出现的问题要考虑周全,设定出应对措施。

3、在发声时,让声音准确、清晰、流畅,富于表现力和感染力的前提是优秀的心理素质。充足的自信心可以鼓舞士气,使身心处于亢奋状态,促使大脑的积极思考,反应敏捷。

学习途径

大学

在播音领域排名第一的是中国传媒大学,其次是浙江传媒大学,如果有志于学习播音的同学,可以以上面两所学校,作为自己的目标。

校外的实体学校

因为播音方面的学习,不像英语班或者学生学习的补习班那样的普及,这方面的学校一个省也就那么几个吧,不是太多的,非常的稀少,而这方面的市场需求又很大,所以这一块学习的相关支出是非常大的。

自学

自学播音主持是可以的,但是比较难,需要找对方法并认真学习。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于很多热爱播音的人来说,学习播音不仅能让人具备更好的表达能力、思考能力、沟通能力、组织协调以及领导能力,而且学得好,可以实现当播音主持的梦想。那么如何学播音呢?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKQ0mCi6QmeCiEVCoSASpSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"什么是播音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8IQos808SykemqDi6GcUKh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音定义","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng8e02Ya0aGosMFKSZ346xe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音的定义有广义和狭义的区分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm0eIq2kiOeo6w6lSRd6NwM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"广义:指电台、电视台等电子传媒所进行的一切有关声音语言和副语言传播信息的活动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn48WCsaAiy4gIUVUbJkINTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"狭义:播音员和节目主持人运用有声语言和副语言,通过广播电视传媒进行传播信息的创作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMkcCIoUgOigQeA6kdlw1od"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":584,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"播音定义","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e20e7d8d37804569829ca3dc289c4266","width":1036},"text":"","id":"doxcnmOsCGeEoYkygQFqJ58ebJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno8yaaCGiSieIIJTcnR81ee"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音的要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8gAUicKiiYgeMU6mea4gvR"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音正确,吐字正确。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQyW8M8oKOAcOQh6UIbzoCb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用标准的普通话播读,特别要注意多音多义字,古诗文中特别要注意按意定音。不添字不少字不读破句,朗读清晰完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG48AuiWgcGaiOSg5eReJ4g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"语速适当,用心感受","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn48sqQ6QQuMGsKLM1WtQiW6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要抓住文章特点,使节奏流利和谐,缓急结合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8k0UceYa04acJxxeh2K5FT"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"语调生动,轻重适宜","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmOKoyIC6OO4OYjqTU0yeie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据需要,分出轻重缓急,分清抑扬顿挫,表达出文章的思想感情。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu0MsKoIkCECwo7RXn1VK9b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":450,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"语调生动,轻重适宜","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2a376655c146424dbb5ccb8fc1381c1f","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnEWuQCyewgEawHVyXrWOgE7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCU4aoieqyOaYNHTKq0Qnhu"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音学习技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMGqIaoCqOguoyus43oK0ib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对播音员而言,具备良好的语言表达能力犹如进入这一行的钥匙,假如无法打开这道门,就无法担任播音主持的工作。想要","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"具备娴熟的语言表达能力、专业化的播音能力,就需播音员通过长时间努力练习及不断探索","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEyOyqEQ6w06UD7S02oUvkq"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通话标准","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4Qi8wiaAOqOo2VIFEvwSrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通话标准是播音主持上岗的基本条件,如何达到普通话标准呢?主要可以从以下几个方面着手。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsq2s6A00OGuAwf9cS66pXd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声母","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuYse8e4a42yaCwMtn8jqPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声母包含b、p、m、f、d、t、n、l、g、k、h、j、q、x、z、c、s、zh、ch、shi、r","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAQsMAwgoyMq687kEaCpoye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声母按发音部位的分7类:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniuQ2syuUWKGAaWD98guzVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、双唇阻:上唇与下唇成阻。下唇向上运动与上唇接触,双唇闭拢成阻。双唇阻声母有b、p、m。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaSqWCIoA6wSae4H8sy3hjR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、唇齿阻:上门齿与下唇成阻。上唇稍抬,稍露出上齿,下唇向上,唇缘线与上门齿靠拢、接触成阻。唇齿阻声母有f。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWWcgU068iKcysHNQZEz1ib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、舌尖前阻:舌尖与上门齿背成阻。舌尖平伸,与上门齿背接触或接近成阻。舌尖前阻声母有z、c、s。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMEggASY02SsGK4rdtOCOmf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、舌尖中阻:舌尖与上门齿龈成阻。舌尖向前上方抬起与上门齿龈接触、抵住成阻。舌尖中阻声母有d、t、n、l。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWSGcGwAAMiuEsdrMzC8yEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、舌尖后阻:舌尖与前硬腭成阻。舌体稍向后缩,舌尖向上方翘起,与硬腭前部接触或接近成阻。舌尖后阻声母有zh、ch、sh、r。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkIyQsuYw4a20CaOiAsIbMb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、舌面阻:舌面前部与硬腭前部成阻。舌尖向下前伸抵住下齿背,舌面向上抬起,接触或接近硬腭前部成阻。舌面阻声母有j、q、x。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqm2CC8ckE62WO42xKGUmDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、舌根阻:舌根与硬腭软腭交界处成阻。舌体后缩,舌根隆起与硬腭和软腭交界处接触或接近成阻。舌根阻声母有g、k、h。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKUwIC8CCoyYaknQTBP6hJf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"韵母","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniOwEISookeekyUntzscm2d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按汉语语音学的传统分析方法,把汉语音节中声母以后的部分叫韵母。韵母由单元音或复合音充当,普通话中有39个别韵母。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG6IuOgmqa6Y068bp5Mab5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、10个单韵母:a、o、e、ê、i、u、ü、-i(前)、-i(后)、er","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQUUUCugmG8i0UUx3QGqmfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、13个复韵母:ai、ei、ao、ou、ia、ie、ua、uo、üe、iao、iou、uai、uei","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn22GqeKsko8EK41ykNGsbnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、16个鼻韵母8前8后:an、en、in、ün、ian、uan、üan、uen、","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuqUywGIy0a8MUzVfadKEsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ang、eng、ing、ong、iong、iang、uang、ueng","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYEaiOiMqes0ukp8w2M9oTb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":537,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"韵母","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20cb2f4943434647bd64a1f6060e4a2e","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcnuEycEq8c06M0oXfPEsSude"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调值","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOIKuiEGa8M6ScJ1vNqxWaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声调是汉语音节结构中不可缺少的成分,它同声母、韵母一样,有区别意义的作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOuGGCWww6SCE4GaNFMg3Q6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调值是指音节声调的相对音高。调值通常采用“五度标记法”记录,用一条竖线表示声音的高低,从下面最低点到最高点共分为五度,分别用1、2、3、4、5依次表示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOoSyWCeY8482KQ0Bx604vd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通话各类声调的调值为:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnickoGMCqm2EIyeqeya43Xf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阴平:高平调,55","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUGKOw8Igu8gQcQaJKBWFrb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳平:高升调,35","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGWaOYeSM0yM2OmWa9prVTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上声:降升调,214","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGguGKSWm8EUIsTYKLq9ijf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"去声:全降调,51","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2g2S0sGum20w6xlg07JKKe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":570,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调值","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/24e822024d284a1891f388f97908f858","width":828},"text":"","id":"doxcnMsQoYYWGaCw4uAPNN73rzb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaUeCUciKeKYOkBnha4sR0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、练习绕口令","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnss6IiqIu0AmsGSYeqYeich"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过绕口令练习,可以提高口语能力,把握住文字发音音准,学好拼音字母,掌握发音部位,反复进行训练,让自己普通话的发音准确度更高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmycM24CiKY6QsM8Y9yiVhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、制定训练计划","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY40qS2QIow4I8qLOuaoGJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要有计划的进行普通话训练,了解自己的基础,制定合理的计划,规定每天的练习量,以周为单位,在不断训练中查找不足,并不断提升。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMgekkQqUsy8k6g0nPatdof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、掌握训练要领","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMs6goemswaAOq2w7rhRe2b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"坚持用普通话进行日常会话,可以读一些报纸上的文章,或者拿出词典,多多进行发音练习,提高发音准度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneW8MysAam6YicXlVzHoxJc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"练习方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/acc2adaf0ca94163904c39cf31e3eec0","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcnk6QQgSuCGgEKUPijS7GWlc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"气息控制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniCKm004WwEqKSEEn5EK87g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"气息控制是播音从业人员需要达到的最基本要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoUgE6AIkOYe4eq6Kpgk4fb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音发声气息的要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKg8kMm0YqqeqUbJmXlXLWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、持久的气息控制能力","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOiu4EEIwY6ko6VBsNqpe67"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"气息控制是作为一个播音员的基本的条件,如果播音员播一篇长篇的稿件时要求声音由始至终保持一定力度,不减不衰,从容不迫,这就要求对气息有持久的控制能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSuSK0cYu8Qu4kbw4e4SfId"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、气息控制要有稳劲儿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAOgg4kcu0MMG4yqXdrCwPj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音员要根据节目内容的要求调节气息压力,该强就强、该弱就弱,吸气量要大于日常说话,呼气时要保持较为稳定的压力,调节自如。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqOguqKMyyEs4I5wXwkbzyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、能做到快吸慢呼,并能根据需要及时补气","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSwqy2usOiGmkG0YtgHEwcf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音语言,一般句子长度比口语长,结构比较复杂,间歇比口语少而短。要把每个句子播得完整而有层次,就需要按照句子结构用气,绝不能因气不够用而停下来吸气,要求播音员呼气的持续时间要尽量长,而且要掌握在句子进行中补气、偷气的技巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuwoiAwUY0GASEFKOEiIdk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lan(拼音小兰),一声声渐渐远去,或者数数1、2、3、4……,嘴上用力,发音之间不要闭住声门,不要跑气换气,数得越多越好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng8iyoEyykm22CsVTJE5nAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、快吸慢呼,快速短促地吸气,并保持气息,呼气时缓缓呼出,配合声音,平稳均匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8KKUSk8yaISEYF36pQWzsf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"呼气时,可以通过以下发声练习:巴、拔、把、爸、低、答、底、大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoQQKWYaSUcgOsnOUvrmiKd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"换气时,可以进行以下练习:广场上,红旗飘,看你能数多少旗,一面旗、两面旗、三面旗、四面、五面旗……,相声小品里的“数来宝”经常用这个形式,大家可以观察演员的呼吸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2eiSo46Wq66kUZUmE18XSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni6oYcqmgEKKC0PdiMZVQN5"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":377,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"播音发声气息控制具体实施方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b8ba113e2df949d9ba1bd306d39a09ad","width":589},"text":"","id":"doxcnqoAyAe6qm0gciMFhE0Zp0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、强控制练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk8aS0kg6m4ckmESCKGRhmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求气要吸得深并保持一定量,呼气要均匀、通畅、灵活。强控制练习需要一点声乐练习知识,在这里不好介绍。大家可以回想:《智取威虎山》里杨子荣喝酒唱歌那一段,最后结尾有个“啊—哈、哈、哈、哈哈哈……”基本的感觉就是这样。要体会膈肌和腹肌的作用,发声的时候气息是应该下沉的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOyuMG6SggaU66CBu3QuMEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"参考练习诗词:岳飞《满江红》、毛泽东《忆秦娥·娄山关》、陈然《我的“自白”书》,新闻联播播音员在播报简讯的时候,一般都用强控制。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc6iSwAUMgKIWIhlc3GDZlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、弱控制练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQsCQSOwGWCkYKONR4rNmNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、吸气深呼气匀。缓慢持续地发出ai、uai、uang、iang四个音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsseW4woWao8Io55wUQmHpd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、夸大声调,延长发音,控制气息。花红柳绿","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"H—ua、H—ong、L—iu、L—","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"v(发音时,声母和韵母之间气息拉长,要均匀、不断气)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG8KgQ4QW24EqIjSOx3Dpvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、通过夸大连续,控制气息,扩展音域。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc2066YeCYoWuA5axY6L29f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"参考练习诗词:李白《静夜思》、孟浩然《春晓》等。气息控制训练可以把握“深(吸得深)、匀(呼得匀)、通(气通畅)、活(用灵活)”四字方针,注意气息和内容的结合。单纯的语音、气息训练效果并不好,需要大家在实际朗读过程中不断体会、运用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngoyaSYCSisK6i7xYaI3EOa"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":277,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"播音发声气息控制具体实施方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ba87e92bdc874c9fb5a9c16bd620ef93","width":443},"text":"","id":"doxcnIkUukwQUu0CgymKAWjZCMe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣控制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8OgeOEoSYYOg82d11hV6Ac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣对于播音发声的重要性体现在播音是以言语发声的过程,要想声音圆润集中,需要改变共鸣条件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuWWs4mEMssgaiG60jbgk0g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣控制要领","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu4KYESoMqy6wmg7qqYQzY4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据解剖学原理,共鸣器官能够受控并随意活动的是软腭、咽部和舌部,共鸣控制主要关注这三部门肌肉的活动组成结果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4IESICikGE4SOuqSjPYOZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、提起颧肌","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEoU4Y8SSUQ4KuwQOuWvKZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"颧肌稍带紧张感,使该部位肌肉向外上方稍稍提起,这就是提颧肌。提颧肌能使我们的发音更清晰、明亮。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCUwyWIGi2uCiQJ4I9gi6pb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、打开牙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6QOMAkeSgosgUD0kLFtG5e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"指双侧上后槽牙保持向上提起的感觉。这样就加大了口腔开度丰富了共鸣。考生可以用含有“Q”的音节来做夸张的练习,将会取得明显效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW2qMQWiiSC4gCEFzJnRSsc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、放松下巴","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSMmMsoaioaCKGKA0tgxnth"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下巴紧张会导致舌根和喉头的紧张,进而导致发声吃力,声音也将发紧,有意的放松下巴就会使我们的发声吐字更加自如。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnag6mESMUCWeAyq0bhQ3sSh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣分类及训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKQyq4M0gSewOCkzz5DU9tc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、口腔共鸣:口腔共鸣的获得是要在发音时,口腔自然上下打开,笑肌微提,下腭自然放下稍后拉,上腭有上提的感觉。口腔共鸣发声最主要的一点,是发声的时候鼻咽要关闭,不产生鼻泄露。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCK242aIESIYoaCmdGmiNKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过下列练习大家可以体会一下,基本都是以开口元音为主练习:ba、da、ga、pa、ta、ka、peng、pa、pi、pu、pai。普通话的四个声调,准确的叫法是第一声—阴平,第二声—阳平,第三声—上声,第四声—去声。我们在进行声音训练的时候,多用阴平声调进行,这样有利于体会声音和气息。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYq4Y68kwoiGW0wUFLK6FBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"词组练习:澎湃、冰雹、拍照、平静、批评,哗啦啦、噼啪啪、咣啷啷、扑嗵嗵、胡噜噜、快乐、宣纸、挫折、菊花、捐助、吹捧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmSI2MMiiKYIc2JsxMuGGBh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"绕口令:山上五株树,架上五壶醋,林中五只鹿,柜中五条裤,伐了山上树,取下架上醋,捉住林中鹿,拿出柜中裤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwo8CQUQ28uMSS2MaOYv3Kd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、鼻腔共鸣:鼻腔共鸣是声波在鼻骨上的振动,即将声音的焦点定位在鼻腔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI2UmU8a8w2uukRBDbSJs0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻腔共鸣是通过软腭来实现的,标准的鼻辅音m,n和ng就是这样发声的。有人觉得鼻音重显得声音好听、有厚度,但是过多的鼻音有如感冒,是不好的。发a、i、u的音,加点鼻腔共鸣体会,加鼻辅音ma、mi、mu、na、ni、nu。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKuQKkkW4UUYeoFaepZ750c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"词组练习:妈妈、光芒、中央、接纳、头脑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneamQWggW4uy4u6cD6C5iYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蓝蓝的天上白云飘,白云下面马儿跑,挥动鞭儿响四方,百鸟齐飞翔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0sAWusKK44myWKSLISMkNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、胸腔共鸣:是指声带振动激起气管内空气柱振动而传送到肺再扩及整个胸腔引起共振产生的整个共鸣包括横隔膜以上至气管顶端的整个脑区。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsaGkc2kEmcoqWIBqB8Kqeb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胸腔的空间及共鸣能量大,发出的声音有深度和宽度,声音更浑厚、宽广。“a”元音直上、直下、滑动练习。词组练习:百炼成钢、翻江倒海、追悔莫及。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIQmQsOksqwG0iiC6g7rnDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"小柳树满地栽,金花谢,银花开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIy8W2oU8KCg1rcQLXD1bcu"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣分类及训练","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a3b97baf4a34bc1abc921726774778c","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcnICoiWOKeAo8IOqMkQcu7Oh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音的弹性","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkk2sEuII88o8Qxb0snvEne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音弹性,是指播音时声音形式对不同播讲内容和形式的适应能力。声音弹性包括声音的高与低、强与弱、实与虚、明与暗、刚与柔、厚与薄、纵与收等多层次对比变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne2MiAWA0wUQE6somUzgVgg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音弹性的特点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIsO4kUqCQ4C2uKjRgucrfe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、可变性,不同语调和情感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6CIo8SyUceSAaMgUtT9Xsc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、对比性,有起有伏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkso4AGE8OOOiCEA2t2WQqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、复合性,不会单独存在,是多种结合的,如虚低,高实。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8wOiKAoyeCAiYFTeqMYRle"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音弹性训练方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEkkimyM80iEaAxVtZ4Ggae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、虚实练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmikKGSEG4sWqEBKISBwABe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虚实练声方法是:吸一口气,然后屏住呼吸,让声门保持在闭合状态,开始发音,此时声音是响亮的实声。然后逐渐打开声门,声音由明亮到柔和的音色变化,这个时候注意体会喉咙的感觉,刚柔、厚薄、明暗等变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmWeGsQ4qiMEokTwAJI4Lid"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、高低声练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwu4mecEsws48m8fZDUNsOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"a、i、u由低音向上滑动,再从高音向下滑动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsaycc2SEAckK8TdWavwg8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这个练习主要可以锻炼自己对于音色的精细识别能力和控制能力,可以在自己不断的练习中感受。可以进行不同音高的朗读练习。用一句话,或一首诗,变化着不同的音高来进行练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyCWWGMSaAG8Ivezah1u0rU"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如:“飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK0QUas08wISU2tGbpVVvDn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"先用习惯音高朗读一遍,然后逐渐降低音调朗读,读到不太能胜任的音高时又逐渐提高音调读,也是读到自己还能胜任的最高音为止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwOg6i0MqQOuICmpqfHhpde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、强弱练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQQiioy0EUaqyOklSXJKbXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"远距离对话练习,练习时随时改变距离。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuiQGY4Uk4IIYAzM9UkTdte"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"甲:喂—,喂—,小芳—","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneqkgKOeCC0mm6b4CjsS8ld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"乙:嗳—","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOyMoOw6OAm8ImUULp4SNxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"甲:快—来—啊—","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSA2IsYkqKOoieq7SVTbdSh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"乙:怎么了—呀—","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqu4MgwMGgy0CEVo1A9f79d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"甲:一起去看—电—影—吧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngYmu4Mk84o0C0CB9ZFwJbd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"乙:好—啊!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2MeUgyYUauCgOyqrlUl6Cd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"夸张声音练习法:注意加大运动幅度,用丹田气发声。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIomUmGio6wIKqmUQDFQ97c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"快板是最明显的例子,想象说快板的演员发声的状态,自己找一段快板试试,体会声音的弹性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmC2IiSOCiUcS2nXeJ5PrFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、练唱音阶法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmKY8cuoOKESEkBlcoZTsOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音音高与声带张力成正比例。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG2sMAymU64wgGWdPSlU55b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果想提高音高,就须加强声带张力。反之则减弱。所以,进行音高的变化练习能有效地发展和增强声带伸缩变化的控制能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEWmo8emuMIEe2bdktNV68g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其中最有效的练习办法是利用钢琴来练唱音阶,在自己力所能及的音域内半度半度地下降,半度半度地上升,进行反复练习。没有条件的则可借鉴京剧演员喊嗓子的练声法,做绕音练习,从基础音开始,逐渐地向高、低音两头扩展。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmOQsyiWC60EE6Xg4ykJNBd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":715,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"声音弹性训练方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f99e97717b7d4b93bc9cc5b8d79a3c0c","width":1080},"text":"","id":"doxcnkGYGsUo4GUQUoRW8cYKD65"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音中的情声气","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4SOOOmCM4k20SOvXpqPzGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"语言是传递信息和交流思想情感的工具,存在于人际交流的有声语言情感,语声和气息是一个系统中的几个方面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCaM0u6sG6gaqs5GUq5hdig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"情:是指在播音过程中播音员服务于播,讲目的由具体稿件或者话题引发,并由有声语言表达出来,始终运动着情感情,情我们进行播音创作的依据。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0A888y04IoYsK8DFcP40gd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声:声是播音员依据稿件或话题,使发声器官运用播音技巧所发出的表达思想情感包含大量信息,并通过电声设备进行传播,经过科学训练的规范化艺术化的有声语言。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUUUiACwUeqIiUvrXAR7B5g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"气:气指的是在播音过程中未时有声,语言传情达意,播音员所控制自如使用胸腹式联合呼吸法所获得的发生动力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni8eW8IGEayiwewaXOZUoah"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"情声气要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwS0IKmEKquIy2TOxZk0Od"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、情感需要具备最丰富的并能随时调动起来的思想情感,一方面播音员节目主持人要不断的加强自己的修养,锻炼和培养自己的政治艺术素养,使自己具备宽广的胸怀、纯真的情操、美好的憧憬、深邃的境界、蓬勃的志趣、灵动的活力等等,另一方面调动起来的运动者的思想情感一定要服从于稿件或话题的界定,服务于播讲目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsu2cQyyauUQ6SGzGtoQLpe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、对声音的要求是要能够充分的表达各类不同稿件所确定的不同层次,不同色彩的情感,能清晰明确的传递稿件所载有的所有信息,并具有各自声音形象特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngKK8084WUUoiMJT8pHJINc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、播音发声对气息的要求是能符合播音员进行播音创作的要求,有一定力度呼吸控制自如完美的配合发声的气息。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAiimu8gkyYAme2chiPoybf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"总之,情感要取其高声音要取其中气息,要取其深以达到自整,腔圆清晰持久,刚柔自如声情并茂的境地。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwOIAkQc4eGkWW4SF8F7Huc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":356,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"情声气要求","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6a704f2ad3d0469f9e035f26e9d6ce3c","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnSgQMoCiEIoQaqqo1cnWoZf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发声练习常见的问题及矫正方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaagU68e8AiCK6u7Crz4vrh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"虚声过多","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc0cM4cWGGuMOADBF0eJjUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音不实在,有些无力,没有足够的亮度和响度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQOQcqyqcM4KyWMvPSzyXig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:虚声过多的学生,要注意锻炼唇舌的力度,练习一些响亮实在的词语和绕口令,如“百步穿杨”“中国伟大”等力度较大的词组,以及绕口令《八百标兵》《白庙和白猫》等。新闻播音当中,基本以实声为主,一般不出现虚声,而且换气声不要太大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSCKmkMMkee0wiiBhMHxLab"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音过于靠后","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSsw004u6uQwyojuiGGJ4Ec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音沉重,不明亮。发声过程中也容易疲劳和不适。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng226EEwgOOGyas1wPqwCLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:注意“两头紧中间松”,口腔和小腹加强控制,喉部保持松弛。舌根要灵活,不要太生硬。注意与口腔共鸣的调节方法相结合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqggIgeKqW4UiykRqr0PqGg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音偏重","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQqiEyGOSm2ms1oE5SqXfpe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音暗淡,不响亮,影响语言的清晰度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkIoMiWoUUyy0C81fLun4Ng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:注意软腭挺起,牙关打开,减少过多的气流经过鼻腔。克服口腔、双唇的无力状态,保持积极的播音状态,不可过于懒散。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmq8ec6gkKW4yMLugGc51cv"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音分散","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnESOyiOK46g4EZGnfRWyfEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音不集中,不饱满,冲击力不强。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0iAQOCUmmwGwH3Qsed2Jxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:在发声的时候注意嘴唇中间三分之一部分用力,力量不可过于分散。注意气流冲击硬腭前端,也就是我们说的声挂硬腭,使声音更集中,更有冲击力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKq6U2SqqQ4AYW8oIwSEswf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"缺乏弹性","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngQccMwGseoGYoJMRLpi47b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音缺乏变化,没有抑扬顿挫的对比。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwquQaww06wAAQf4qtQARAd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:加强对比训练,包括高与低,快与慢的对比训练等。高与低的训练,可以练习声音的爬高与降低。比如“伟大的祖国,伟大的人民”这句话,可以先逐渐升高地说,然后再逐级下降地说,体会声音的高低变化,丰富声音的层次。快与慢的训练,可以用不同速度来说一句话。比如“班干部不管班干部”这句话,可以分别用快速和慢速来练习,体会快与慢的变化。声音弹性的获得还需要情感的支撑,加强情声气结合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnccCUuI6OC0c6ymTj7tyCBc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":476,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"缺乏弹性","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f22e64303de543959ec58d632e19ba1e","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnI8wkwsys2o2MWY3vts0YZc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"日常学习方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOmQM6KQIiiUkcNB3KgGQ9d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"朗读朗诵","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwYqeIs2iOIoMYVCWzx5zFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"读书,大声读书。天天坚持朗读文章,既训练咬字敏捷清楚,又能掌握更多文学常识,更关键的是对播音大有益处,清喉扩胸,纳乾坤之气,成皓然之身。需要多读相关著作文章,每日坚持朗读三十分钟以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniIuYCAOGKcYiykgjdMFhAc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"录像练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0SWy6GQEOUGoqOGHd29Gbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"倘若时间需要,每过一阵子,把声音和演讲内容进行视频拍摄,接着反复观看,探讨哪里存在问题导致卡壳,姿势和神情是否不自然,久而久之,口才以及心态表现都会有明显进步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG4a4woWigqE8IfQkXzFxfd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"速读","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK6coaei62akaaQDcTDuM9y"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"找来一则演说稿或一则其辞优美散文片段。先把原文中不明白的字、词弄明白,接着开始朗读。通常刚开始朗读速率比较慢,之后逐次逐次加快,直到你能够做到的最快速率。朗读过程中不可以有间断,读音要准确无误,咬字要清楚,要尽可能保证发音的完整。速读一定要建立在咬字清楚、读音干净整齐的前提上。大伙儿都有听过体育频道的解说员的解说,他们的解说就让人有快而不乱的感觉,每个字、每个音都发得十分清楚,没有含混不清的地方。播音希望做到的快也就是这种快,咬字清楚,而不是只为快而快。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8OUAMSQisMc2WIf4ycOvPh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"即兴读物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni8oEEC4aUgQ8AjCNEKQz2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"日常余暇时,随意拿张旧报纸,随机翻到一段话,接着一鼓作气读下来。在朗读过程中,尽量控制上半句看稿子,下半句离开稿子看前面(假设前面有听众)。长此以往能加强记忆力,提高理解和即兴构思能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngc8MaY046QQyCI1wtyUWrC"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"转述法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyCIGqMSuGkIyc5WA1sTzWh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"转述法就是把他人说的话重新地讲述一次。需要找一位伙伴一同进行。第一步,请另一方随便讲一个话题,亦或是故事。自己需注意聆听。然后再向另一方转述一次。练习在于训练语言的衔接性、实地临场发挥能力以及语言表达组织能力。倘若能面对观众转述就更佳,还能够训练你的胆量,摆脱焦虑不安心理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaeM8YOA8mckoMpIWRxd73g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"模仿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncEA0yEIeWOSCsIUz73Rn6p"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大多数人自小便会模仿父母或大人说话","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。实际上模仿的过程也是一种学习。儿时学讲话是向父母及身边人学习。那么,练习口才同样也可以利用模仿法,对有相关专场的人模仿,如电视主持。久而久之,口语表达能力也会有所提高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOSUG6EmUkSueGmGh5BLR3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①模仿特定个人。生活上找一位语言表达能力强的人,请他讲些精彩说话,拍摄下来,供你进行模仿。也可以把你喜欢又适合模仿的主播、艺人、相声家等的表演记录下来进行模仿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna0MkuQ68GsoCobRZbxlXnf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":800,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"模仿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2d740719019e41349497421a5a977604","width":1200},"text":"","id":"doxcnKwSoKS0gKqU6s3lY40tkUf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"嗓音的保护","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4gIi488YUiKWes0BiuU4bb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"科学练声","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqY08UwMYssgIa9hokXUzXK"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、练声过程必须按照:“以情带声、以声传情、以情运气、气随情动;以情用声、声随情变;声情并茂、传情达意”的要求来进行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEUUUA0G6uOYQsfEPim187c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在练习时,要注意发“暖声”,状态应该积极热情,面部呈“似微笑”状。同时还应该把握住练声的顺序,那就是—声音由小到大、由弱渐强、由低至高、由近及远、由实转虚、由短到长、由柔到刚。有些人在用声时喉部负担过重,有的胸口僵硬、气息沉不下来,还有的人声音过刚过直等等,这类要尽快改掉毛病,掌握科学的发声方法,通过大量练习完成量变到质变的过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwMyoIu2aIIKGkvS6FRS1Jh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、避免超时超量超负荷运作,一般来说,晨练控制在20分钟至半小时为宜,主要目的是把嗓子练开、练舒服,切不可盲目加大嗓音运动量。在嗓音疲劳的时候,可以用气泡音来帮助消除疲劳。气泡音是弱气流冲击声带,声带在压力最自然的状态下发出的音,是一种很好的声带保健方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncyW28ayIO0uEYf22aN9a6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"它的具体做法是这样的,喉要放松,喉结处于适中的位置,气吸到五到七成,发出比较明亮的颗粒性比较强的气泡音。最好以“啊”音的延长音作为练习材料【a----------】【a----------】【a-------------】。如果一时发不好,可以反复做几次伸舌的动作,把舌头用力地向外伸,张大口,这样可以起到调节喉结紧张度的作用。在喉部松弛的情况下再来发音。气泡音在练声前发可以起到活动开声带的作用,在练声后发能起到保健按摩的作用。在练声前后常做此练习可以有效的提高发声的效率。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2iwcKiamcuaUuEcYidOqZg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"日常注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsMiQwAkemuwGIzslzBHIxb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、根据自身的嗓音条件,扬长避短、量力而行、循序渐进、持之以恒。一般来说,只要方法科学,练习得法,好嗓子是可以练出来的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSqk8sOOWCIwGeu7H94kU2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、增强体育锻炼。发音器官健康与否,很大程度上取决于身体的健康状况。对于播音员主持人以及其他学习者来说,适当的增强耐力性的体育锻炼,例如跑步等等,能有效地提高我们呼吸肌肉群对于气息的控制力,从而大大提高发声的效率。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA8G6yOGkKkuU08Pf2H93ab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、睡眠要充足,睡眠不足会引起声带充血、喉肌疲劳,致使声音黯淡嘶哑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYKCcIUECQk64Yzt4TcZjNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、养成良好的生活习惯、饮食习惯。要避免烟酒刺激,抽烟会使声带粘膜干燥、充血、肥厚,使喉下分泌物增多,从而引起声音变低、音色昏暗沙哑等等。饮酒除了辛辣对喉部的直接刺激以外,还会使大脑以及发声器官功能失调。进行嗓音工作前半小时最好不要吃油腻的食品,否则容易造成嗓子不清爽、发粘。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnceyYg8WImagEiQDpk7KVTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、女生例假期间,不要高声练习,最好少用嗓,因为这期间往往伴随声带充血、水肿,如果高声练习,容易产生声带小结。这时可以做些无声练习,例如唇舌力量、口腔开合度以及气息训练等等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnucaUEWw0MEQ802GlHtrhBh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、剧烈运动后不宜喝冷饮。人在运动时,声带处于发热充血状态。这时如果喝冷饮,声带遇冷会不正常收缩,长此以往,容易引起声带的病变。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2QEeC2OYM4QY2bhv5sSWOe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"总之,好的嗓子是按照科学的方法,经过严格的训练得来的。使用与保护是同时进行的,切不可盲目使用而不去保护,长此以往,声音变坏,甚至患严重喉疾病,被迫离开播音主持岗位,就很可惜了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGScA8Wg2gmWigHkruj9avb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1066,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"日常注意事项","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/417a824210f5470a8eebea8a55b3cb68","width":1600},"text":"","id":"doxcn2kUw6eueQC68I24xcZ0G7W"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"心理素质的培养","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA8KKYaMaSW6wIHudLgGBGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、播音主持人在紧张的压力下会出现一系列相应的系统变化,如声带绷紧导致声音变高、变窄、声音抖动,呼吸急促导致气浅气浮;身体姿势和动作会发生变化,协作变得不自然,笨拙甚至僵硬;思维也会变得混乱等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng2qQoMe4GGY6SswMx3sAkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、良好的心理素质是播音主持人需要具备的职业素养之一。在播音前,首先要克服紧张的情绪。紧张的情绪很多时候是自信心不足造成的,要增强自信心就需要播音主持人对节目的全过程有总体的把握,同时对可能出现的问题要考虑周全,设定出应对措施。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuS8e8aK2eSwGGIdRu6wtod"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在发声时,让声音准确、清晰、流畅,富于表现力和感染力的前提是优秀的心理素质。充足的自信心可以鼓舞士气,使身心处于亢奋状态,促使大脑的积极思考,反应敏捷。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc626Ua0EIcgYO8qiZLYdth"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":426,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"心理素质的培养","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4d2b422bfd7445e59c8985a4a64fdb29","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnAAwA8AQ42KYyWgr34bOgJe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKiQMkeQOkWceyGi5XApjQg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习途径","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqua86icuA2s2kVfK6IDbmh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"大学","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkiuA4SCMoWGsI3tYmISnxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在播音领域排名第一的是中国传媒大学,其次是浙江传媒大学,如果有志于学习播音的同学,可以以上面两所学校,作为自己的目标。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaEuik4wyqGaIKCZ3Vuzxzh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"校外的实体学校","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC8GKYMEwk6GQiyGM5uIg0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因为播音方面的学习,不像英语班或者学生学习的补习班那样的普及,这方面的学校一个省也就那么几个吧,不是太多的,非常的稀少,而这方面的市场需求又很大,所以这一块学习的相关支出是非常大的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKioK2Ke8AeEiO6tTzZDmkf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"自学","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneiOm6MGICaYYmnoe3SkoXL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"自学播音主持是可以的,但是比较难,需要找对方法并认真学习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK8AqcGqO8IQiuO8yV5upub"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":796,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"自学","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20a9c7ad5a0e471999ca9fac7208ce62","width":1440},"text":"","id":"doxcnSWKe02wOM2sUAnSyAd0rAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6A28aK44S2omATsGA3HFjd"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

7. cj46自升式钻井平台结构

保安证是当事人保安身份的证明,是当事人履行职责的一种保障,保安员证其实划分为两种,分别是公安部颁发的保安员上岗证和人社部颁发的保安员职业资格证。

证书分类

上岗证

公安部颁发的上岗证属于执业证书,凡是从事保安职业,都需要有这个证书的,因此没有等级划分。

职业资格证

人社部颁发的保安员职业资格证,是属于是等级证,是评定保安员技术水平高低的证件,一般用于升职加薪、落户等使用。

人社部下发的《国家职业技能标准编制技术规范(2018版)》的规定,将保安员职业分为五个技能等级:

五级/初级工(原初级保安员):需要有本职业保安相关1年以上的工作经验。

四级/中级工(原中级保安员):获得初级保安证书后,需要从事保安相关工作两年以上工作经历。

三级/高级工(原高级保安员):在拥有中级保安证书后,需要连续从事保安相关工作4年以上的工作经验。

二级/技师(原保安师):

1、大专以上的学历,连续从事保安相关工作6年以上。

2、大学本科学历,需要连续从事保安相关工作5年以上。

3、研究生以上学历,需要连续从事保安相关工作4年以上。

4、如果是解放军或者公安,需要从事工作15年以上,可直接申请保安管理师证书。

一级/高级技师(原高级保安师):

1、大专以上的学历,在有保安师证书后,需要有5年以上的相关工作经验。

2、大学本科学历,在有保安师证书后,需要有4年以上的相关工作经验。

3、研究生以上学历,在有保安师证书后,需要有3年以上的相关工作经验。

报考条件

18周岁以上,55周岁以下的中国公民(条件不符合可协商),身体健康,无犯罪记录并符合下列条件之一的人员,可以报名参加考试:

上岗证

保安上岗证报名时需带本人身份证到户口所在地派出所出具无违法记录证明,报名资格审核通过后,方可报名。

五级初级工

(1)累计从事本职业或相关职业工作1年(含)以上。

(相关职业:安全员、消防员、安全防范设计评估工程技术人员、安全防范系统安装维护员、保卫管理员、应急救援员、智能楼宇管理员、安检员等涉及公共安全的职业,下同。)

(2)军队及武警部队退役义务兵。

四级中级工

(1)取得本职业五级/初级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作4年(含)以上。

(2)累计从事本职业或相关职业工作6年(含)以上。

(3)取得技工学校毕业证书(含尚未取得毕业证书的在校应届毕业生);或取得经评估论证、以中级技能为培养目标的职业院校毕业证书(含尚未取得毕业证书的在校应届毕业生);或取得高中毕业证书。

(4)军队及武警部队退役的下士士官,累计从事本职业工作1年(含)以上。

三级高级工

(1)取得本职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作5年(含)以上。

(2)取得本职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书),并具有高级技工学校、技师学院毕业证书(含尚未取得毕业证书的在校应届毕业生);或取得本职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书),并具有经评估论证、以高级技能为培养目标的职业院校毕业证书(含尚未取得毕业证书的在校应届毕业生)。

(3)具有大学专科及以上毕业证书,并取得本职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书),累计从事本职业或相关职业工作2年(含)以上。

(4)军队及武警部队退役的中士士官及以上军衔获得人员,或者具有公安工作经历5年以上人员,累计从事本职业工作1年(含)以上。

二级技师

(1)取得本职业三级/高级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作4年(含)以上。

(2)具有大学本科及以上毕业证书,并取得本职业或相关职业三级/高级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业工作2年(含)以上。

(3)具有15年以上治安保卫、保安管理工作经历,并取得本职业或相关职业三级/高级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业工作1年(含)以上。

(4)具有15年以上公安工作经历,或者军队及武警部队具有少校军衔以上退役军人。

一级高级技师

(1)取得本职业二级/技师职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作4年(含)以上。

(2)具有25年(含)以上公安、治安保卫、保安管理工作经历,并取得本职业或相关职业二级/技师职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业工作1年(含)以上。

特殊情况

下列情形之一的不得申请:

1、被拘留所教育、因为吸毒被隔离戒毒、有被3次以上拘留的;

2、因为故意犯罪被拘捕的;

3、之前有过保安证而被吊销了,时间不满3年的;

4、两次被吊销保安证书的。

上岗证报考

网上报名

网上报考保安证需要在居住地或者工作地的公安部门进行报名登记,或者通过公安部门开设的网络服务平台进行报名登记。

以天津公安为例:

1、下载“天津公安”APP;

2、进入首页,找到“保安”项后点击入业务办理页;

3、业务办理页中点击“保安员考试报名”;

4、点击“考试报名”可以进行报名;

现场报名

本人携带二代身份证,2张1寸免冠照片,学历证明原件和复印件,体检合格证明,去公安局通过保安监管系统进行报名。

报考流程

1、保安员证件申请人持本人身份证、近期小二寸免冠照片、县级以上医院出具的体检报告到辖区派出所采集指纹信息,基本信息及电子照片。

2、申请人材料齐全、符合要求后,辖区派出所将申请人员名单逐级报送至市公安局。

3、市公安局确定考试时间地点后,由辖区派出所通知申请人参加考试。

4、考试通过后发放保安员证。

成绩查询

可以直接在当地公安部门开设的网络服务平台点击“我要查询”,选择“保安员成绩查询”,进行查询,或者直接到申请的辖区派出所查询。

资格证报考

人社部的保安员证需要通过培训机构报名或通过xx省人力资源和社会保障部官网进行报名,满足条件即可报名。

报名流程

1、登录河南省人力资源和社会保障部官网https://hrss.henan.gov.cn/;

2、在官网最下方找到河南省人事考试网,点击进入;

其他省市的可以选择当地省市进入;

3、进入人事考试中心后选择职业资格考试,然后选择保安员考试报名。

考试流程

通过报名登记审核以后,根据审核通过的短信通知,持本人身份证按规定的时间到指定的地点参加考试。考试一般分为理论知识和操作技能。理论知识考试采用闭卷笔试或机考方式,考试时间为90分钟,保安员理论知识考试可采取约定考试时间的方式安排在线机考,保安员操作技能考核采用现场动手方式,保安员职业资格鉴定理论知识考试和操作技能考核两项鉴定成绩分别在60分以上为合格。

理论知识:理论知识主要是机考,考试范围涵盖日常保安基础理论知识、保安基本业务常识以及我国相关法律法规知识等,想要参加考试的同学,需要在私底下进行学习复习,难度并不大。

操作技能:则主要是通过现场演练和模拟操作进行,考取的主要是安全这块,包括安全的预防、灭火器的使用、防卫、发生火灾的救援、意外事故发生的人群疏散管理等等一些相关知识。

成绩查询

可到报名机构直接查询成绩或领取证书,也可以通过xx省人事考试网进行查询。

1、进入所在省份的人事考试网;

2、在搜索框输入“成绩查询”;

3、输入自己的信息,查询成绩。

备考内容

理论知识

教材

按照考试的技能等级可以选择购买不同的书籍进行复习

五级和四级工可以《国家保安员资格考试培训教材保安员基础知识》进行备考。

三级工可以选择保安员(三级)——保安员国家职业资格评价培训教程。

二级工可以选择保安员(二级)——保安员国家职业资格评价培训教程。

一级工可以选择保安员(一级)——保安员国家职业资格评价培训教程。

做练习题

我们可以去网上购买一些备考的练习题,做完后对下答案,多做题可以帮助我们理解正确答案。

也可以通过一些网络方式直接下载电子版的练习题。

下载网址:

https://m.book118.com/html/2022/0805/5104300214004320.shtm

视频课程

《国家保安员资格考试培训》https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV15t4y1H7co/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

体能测试

根保安员主要考核立定跳远、4X10米折返跑、俯卧撑、仰卧起坐等。大家可以在考试前一个月进行专项训练。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"保安证是当事人保安身份的证明,是当事人履行职责的一种保障,保安员证其实划分为两种,分别是公安部颁发的保安员上岗证和人社部颁发的保安员职业资格证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXu1fIAKxHrpKEw4DC20tIb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ksmqdqq0mowoCUxUFqYcvWXantg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"上岗证","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CmmydGemCoqoC6xkJfJcAz3Wnbf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"公安部颁发的上岗证属于执业证书,凡是从事保安职业,都需要有这个证书的,因此没有等级划分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TIYedySiYogiU8xoDVGcJPwhnJf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":551,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"上岗证","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5c5bae50ea194fba84c3c73c611706ee","width":707},"text":"","id":"EgaSdcggIo6sWoxE381cV4XbnUb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"职业资格证","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X2k6du8GOoQOQExGEL9c09R7nYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"人社部颁发的保安员职业资格证,是属于是等级证,是评定保安员技术水平高低的证件,一般用于升职加薪、落户等使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iu8Wdm0IqoWCeMxsVVkcTCTgnUh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"人社部下发的《国家职业技能标准编制技术规范(2018版)》的规定,将保安员职业分为五个技能等级:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pk4eds0amoiAEWx2ZgLcefEbnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五级/初级工(原初级保安员):需要有本职业保安相关1年以上的工作经验。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyEpIMS21eqBSNAMPcTN7Gc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四级/中级工(原中级保安员):获得初级保安证书后,需要从事保安相关工作两年以上工作经历。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjjcQksfHBVoScjTnEj9sUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三级/高级工(原高级保安员):在拥有中级保安证书后,需要连续从事保安相关工作4年以上的工作经验。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnRMpXzxNlpZBhBYg9t7gcoe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二级/技师(原保安师):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsquX6Qm5UEpgyCwF02ELBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、大专以上的学历,连续从事保安相关工作6年以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HuMQdkSQeock0MxqE5tcZXzpnVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、大学本科学历,需要连续从事保安相关工作5年以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWO8d4Qe0oMscoxknQXcHcd8nLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、研究生以上学历,需要连续从事保安相关工作4年以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I40cdcIqUocGySxueNhcsoienkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、如果是解放军或者公安,需要从事工作15年以上,可直接申请保安管理师证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWqWdiQYIoEcUGxKitOc7ME9nUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一级/高级技师(原高级保安师):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnitgWkrIT90n20BRrl4Th6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、大专以上的学历,在有保安师证书后,需要有5年以上的相关工作经验。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LiUkdKKeco4IS0xFkC4c8o3Snvs"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、大学本科学历,在有保安师证书后,需要有4年以上的相关工作经验。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q08Cdq6kwoigsqxI7Pfc8zqtnqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、研究生以上学历,在有保安师证书后,需要有3年以上的相关工作经验。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZK0adGOUso8GgqxIt9lctSMrnVb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnPtlS2xvE5gX8pDTPUP0H8f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"18周岁以上,55周岁以下的中国公民(条件不符合可协商),身体健康,无犯罪记录并符合下列条件之一的人员,可以报名参加考试:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfECHIDF0pmBssR99Zg7D5d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"上岗证","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KoSqdcMGaocYOoxSqDEcrqpPnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"保安上岗证报名时需带本人身份证到户口所在地派出所出具无违法记录证明,报名资格审核通过后,方可报名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iwo2dkySsoO4UGxzSQZcCAZhnwb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"五级初级工","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ME4QdmkOMoGMmmxOaiFc3qSEn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)累计从事本职业或相关职业工作1年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwrzB7HE2lWfk7HO1Mar3Bh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(相关职业:安全员、消防员、安全防范设计评估工程技术人员、安全防范系统安装维护员、保卫管理员、应急救援员、智能楼宇管理员、安检员等涉及公共安全的职业,下同。)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjn2RhwqIgcd13jk2AJX5gg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)军队及武警部队退役义务兵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnH96tCh7ZnWMbgLinxwDxRd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"四级中级工","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnvlGnIrMiwtgwyl6ILudSMr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)取得本职业五级/初级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作4年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjdYEZwDbvzEdZ6PPlLxise"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)累计从事本职业或相关职业工作6年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw7CIO7NOKpgRbAw1YvZsOd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)取得技工学校毕业证书(含尚未取得毕业证书的在校应届毕业生);或取得经评估论证、以中级技能为培养目标的职业院校毕业证书(含尚未取得毕业证书的在校应届毕业生);或取得高中毕业证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCNkBkf93P6pIZqTmMC42Od"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)军队及武警部队退役的下士士官,累计从事本职业工作1年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnrmqXAPuEpFEGrl5ZoibpLd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"三级高级工","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnFWuqhn7RC7lpCq2f8b5lfx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)取得本职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作5年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnECYJEaUBvl3DCt8LEpC46f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)取得本职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书),并具有高级技工学校、技师学院毕业证书(含尚未取得毕业证书的在校应届毕业生);或取得本职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书),并具有经评估论证、以高级技能为培养目标的职业院校毕业证书(含尚未取得毕业证书的在校应届毕业生)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnFufHR0w2qU1LAmJCpo3Z4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)具有大学专科及以上毕业证书,并取得本职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书),累计从事本职业或相关职业工作2年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn7DMbyo1N9bKm0A8n0xzvbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)军队及武警部队退役的中士士官及以上军衔获得人员,或者具有公安工作经历5年以上人员,累计从事本职业工作1年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzSktGyAsLspN3TBrr1exQe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"二级技师","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKpUxwXt4YEbtEhPKznYnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)取得本职业三级/高级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作4年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxGOeI7DvK5F2bTzBK4F0Ee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)具有大学本科及以上毕业证书,并取得本职业或相关职业三级/高级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业工作2年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnrumw5IrQRIpYVVoGd7ANMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)具有15年以上治安保卫、保安管理工作经历,并取得本职业或相关职业三级/高级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业工作1年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk1xD8RdOiSL0blGXh0l5rb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)具有15年以上公安工作经历,或者军队及武警部队具有少校军衔以上退役军人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntk373JdIR7zGylMtn6BLzb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"一级高级技师","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUezet9fEi6upCISSzanaAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)取得本职业二级/技师职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作4年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLjZaji6Z490i24BcRbV6Ed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)具有25年(含)以上公安、治安保卫、保安管理工作经历,并取得本职业或相关职业二级/技师职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业工作1年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfw7IWolbB4tLYJGUnWjrRf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"特殊情况","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhKeUO2BGeq5KJ3hgaHTrpd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下列情形之一的不得申请:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnz2j1EiXSF1dMGextIZRJsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、被拘留所教育、因为吸毒被隔离戒毒、有被3次以上拘留的;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGQHnqgxgcKZMDBJcWzPhYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、因为故意犯罪被拘捕的;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn56keo3Hag8YShj4mkEZPNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、之前有过保安证而被吊销了,时间不满3年的;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmr71EckpDOLCxVdtF35oTB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、两次被吊销保安证书的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEPNI4uJRaCiWC6gRsUAvKe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"上岗证报考","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SKGwduiWaosuA4xKU4Xc8gwvntd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"网上报名","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS1IeZYsMJcTs9PQhvIlgRf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"网上报考保安证需要在居住地或者工作地的公安部门进行报名登记,或者通过公安部门开设的网络服务平台进行报名登记。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOzXaaNSeyPrKkckgZMsGfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以天津公安为例:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VcA6diSWqoiSeYx8FI0cdl4WnWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、下载“天津公安”APP;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CSwkdiqaAom0y4xmy5wcxPvynjh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":212,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"网上报名","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/10f68ad7d80a4fe2888033235d109a41","width":473},"text":"","id":"KKkkdeMi6o4smOxIVSQcpmxWn2b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、进入首页,找到“保安”项后点击入业务办理页;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E66Mdcu4Wo00QcxQLMZcE9Jpncc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":693,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"网上报名","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f37a87de483a4408b683d97c438db764","width":390},"text":"","id":"GIK2dEGu4o0A2Mx2VXhcnkgZn3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UyecdyGkco8IAixcp5icAfVHn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、业务办理页中点击“保安员考试报名”;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Coqmd2u6AowG2CxWGi0cAQwRn3c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":768,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"网上报名","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/757de7304da1481d98db2649d402417c","width":432},"text":"","id":"AWKGdoUGmokS8uxE1ppcLiFlnDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EYSQdOUAQomQUixKKpzcBGiNnYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、点击“考试报名”可以进行报名;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQ00dowG6os4EKxWCJocEXgEnDb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":899,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"网上报名","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/86f789041eaa41ffa0521a1f22c230a1","width":624},"text":"","id":"Wya8dMQqco0iYOxI96vchQhPn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HyWwdu6uaoSSK8x4gxRcZG0wnBe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"现场报名","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndqkgAuJPyiYC1xluOGZzHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"本人携带二代身份证,2张1寸免冠照片,学历证明原件和复印件,体检合格证明,去公安局通过保安监管系统进行报名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnJ9e71lVHa2kG4fC7nvncjd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WakcduagioCC40xot6UcMRt3n1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、保安员证件申请人持本人身份证、近期小二寸免冠照片、县级以上医院出具的体检报告到辖区派出所采集指纹信息,基本信息及电子照片。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BaaYd8EIGooO8sxUJEecdOuGnKg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、申请人材料齐全、符合要求后,辖区派出所将申请人员名单逐级报送至市公安局。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L6AGdOcQOoUso8xqyQxcRt30nRd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、市公安局确定考试时间地点后,由辖区派出所通知申请人参加考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OImWdikOUoWUmix2XKYcvtQNnVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、考试通过后发放保安员证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KkQGdy0oiogq6oxDpeVcTpH9ntW"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"成绩查询","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VikcdI2sWoI2gkxwTV4chYWRnZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以直接在当地公安部门开设的网络服务平台点击“我要查询”,选择“保安员成绩查询”,进行查询,或者直接到申请的辖区派出所查询。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FI6mdOMIAoggmIxyxmtcBaBkn8m"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":570,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"成绩查询","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/39c6329b495d4eabb37437f02a830298","width":931},"text":"","id":"TwcwduwAqo4qCoxYpfmc0fL9nee"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"资格证报考","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A0cOdu6gmosqIyxasPAcU2JXnoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"人社部的保安员证需要通过培训机构报名或通过xx省人力资源和社会保障部官网进行报名,满足条件即可报名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WgaKdceKuo0wE8xSI20c6LRln9d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CaoqdOYiCoyeYYxUqd0cusp7nnb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、登录河南省人力资源和社会保障部官网","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://hrss.henan.gov.cn/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://hrss.henan.gov.cn/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":";","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TMuIdGEk6oiAOUxGaY4cnMZanGe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":351,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报名流程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/18b81dcd247b40cf819ad2b3ef2faf85","width":827},"text":"","id":"BQOsd24icoiyAsxwTjOcxDuHnIh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在官网最下方找到河南省人事考试网,点击进入;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RwQUd2eYmokyaMxC4EWcBR6CnJc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":371,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报名流程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/59478e765fa94869b8d4856a6be44873","width":1011},"text":"","id":"Fewido0sEowCYExk31kcp1JanUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其他省市的可以选择当地省市进入;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X4OOdSuSCo0M2mx878BcEWgknJh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":572,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报名流程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c4b65864a1d545bebc1e751466fd5305","width":1139},"text":"","id":"H48YdM804oWWw4xMJkdcRACLnlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、进入人事考试中心后选择职业资格考试,然后选择保安员考试报名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HyG6dEKwMosQW8xHPofcSA5LnG5"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":375,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报名流程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3f0099fe71de4368a9389251375d49f9","width":755},"text":"","id":"EwSYd44GooyU6ExO0eicePAqn06"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnNdaMtnFQJq79MJ7AOqKpFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过报名登记审核以后,根据审核通过的短信通知,持本人身份证按规定的时间到指定的地点参加考试。考试一般分为理论知识和操作技能。理论知识考试采用闭卷笔试或机考方式,考试时间为90分钟,保安员理论知识考试可采取约定考试时间的方式安排在线机考,保安员操作技能考核采用现场动手方式,保安员职业资格鉴定理论知识考试和操作技能考核两项鉴定成绩分别在60分以上为合格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngylx8kDHiDatZSNLONcwTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"理论知识","id":""},{"type":"text","text":":理论知识主要是机考,考试范围涵盖日常保安基础理论知识、保安基本业务常识以及我国相关法律法规知识等,想要参加考试的同学,需要在私底下进行学习复习,难度并不大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnTjdm9MIviaHRD3VvITWcEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"操作技能","id":""},{"type":"text","text":":则主要是通过现场演练和模拟操作进行,考取的主要是安全这块,包括安全的预防、灭火器的使用、防卫、发生火灾的救援、意外事故发生的人群疏散管理等等一些相关知识。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnJFC9R18fVQz3cJC2XILVoc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"成绩查询","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z8Mkdw2WOoUkqwxQl5vcKJKxnlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可到报名机构直接查询成绩或领取证书,也可以通过xx省人事考试网进行查询。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VgyWdkkUqoge8Mx2ZamceOcTn3g"},{"type":"paragraph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