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海洋石油670(海洋石油670船)
来源:www.ascsdubai.com    时间:2022-11-20 17:35    点击:299   编辑:admin

1. 海洋石油670船

API是指美国石油协会标准。

API 670是振动、轴向位置和轴承温度监测系统。

2. 海洋石油681船

音标是学习英语的第一步,想要学好音标需要认识音标、会读音标,这样以后才能认识单词。在学习音标前,我们要先知道国际音标有48个,元音有20个,辅音有28个,元音又分为单元音和双元音,单元音有12个,双元音有8个。

音标数目

在上表中,我们可以看到音标有48个,现在我们常说的国际音标也是48个。

可以点击下面链接学习音标。

《【48个英语音标示范读音-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/mt9vVaK》

元音部分

辅音部分

音标的分类

最实用的分类方式是:元音=长元音+短元音+双元音;辅音=清辅音+浊辅音。

英语一共有48个国际音标,包括20个元音,28个辅音。

20个元音包括5个长元音:/i:/、/ɜ:/、/u:/、/a:/、/ɔ:/;

7个短元音:[i] [ə] [ɔ] [u] [ʌ] [e] [æ];

8个双元音:/eɪ、/aɪ/、/ɔɪ/、/ɪə/、/eə/、/ʊə/、/əʊ/、/aʊ/;

注意:

1、长元音顾名思义就是发的音比较长而饱满;短元音则发的音比较短而急;

2、双元音就是两个单元音拼在一起,成为组合音。双元音发音的特点是前面的单元音发音长,后面的发音比较短。

28个辅音包括:轻辅音/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/ /h/

浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /r/

鼻音 /m/ /n/ /ŋ/

半元音 /j/ /w/

边音 /ǀ/

发音技巧

长元音

点击这个视频学习长元音发音。《【元音音标(长元音)-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/xz9mOz3》

5个长元音/i:/、/ɜ:/、/u:/、/a:/、/ɔ:/发音技巧。

(1)/i:/发音技巧:

发音时舌尖抵下齿,口形扁平。在发音的时候要尽量拉长,就像古人喝醉酒以后吟诗的感觉。

单词举例:bee [biː] n. 蜜蜂;see [siː] v. 看见,参看

(2)/ɜ:/发音技巧:

/ɜ:/是长元音,近似于北京腔的“儿”话音,如“花儿”的“儿”。发好这个音,关键在于卷舌!

单词举例:shirt [ʃə:t] n. 衬衫,男士衬衫;nurse [nə:s] n. 护士,保姆

(3)/u:/发音技巧

发这个音时双唇用力向前突出,有点像拉长了音说“乌”,但要注意,“乌”的口形较扁。

单词举例:moon [mu:n] n. 月球,月亮;room [ruːm] n. 房间,空间

(4)/a:/发音技巧

发音时口张大,双唇稍收圆。发音时可以照着镜子,说“啊”,看看嘴巴张得够不够大,记得要将嘴巴尽量张大。

单词举例:ask [a:sk] v. 问,询问; far [fa:r] adj. 远的

(5)/ɔ:/发音技巧

发这个音时,双唇稍稍收圆,并向前突出,发音接近于汉语“嗷”。这是个长元音,记住:长元音一定要拉长,发出来才好听。

单词举例:door [dɔ:r] n. 门; short [ʃɔ:t] adj. 短的

短元音

点击这个视频学习短元音发音。《【【英语音标7个短元音/ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ə/ /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /e/ /æ/怎么读?】-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/fo9Bd5E》

7个短元音:/i/、/ə/、 /ɔ/、/u/、/ʌ/、/e/、/æ/

(1)/i/发音技巧

它是个短元音,发音要短促而轻快。

单词举例:big [bɪɡ] adj. 大的,庞大的;Fit [fit] v. 合身,适合于

(2)/ə/发音技巧

发音时舌身平放,双唇扁平。发这个音时不用卷舌。

单词举例:teacher [ˈtiːtʃə] n. 老师,教师; mother [ˈmʌðə] n. 母亲

(3)/ɔ/ 发音技巧

这是一个短元音,发音一定要短,发音比/ɔ:/短一些,双唇稍稍收圆,并向前突出。

单词举例:dog [dɔg] n.狗,家伙;hot [hɔt] adj. 热的,辣的

(4)/u/ 发音技巧

发音时双唇收圆,稍突出。就像发汉语中的“乌”,但没发完就给打断了一样。

单词举例:book [bʊk] n. 书,卷;cook [kʊk] vt. 烹调,煮

(5)/ʌ/ 发音技巧

发音时舌尖和舌端两侧轻触下齿,唇形稍扁,开口度较大。这个发音有点像发“啊”音时突然被谁卡住了脖子的感觉。

单词举例:brother['brʌðə(r)] n. 哥哥,弟弟;mother [ˈmʌðə] n. 母亲

(6)/e/发音技巧

发音时舌尖抵下齿,舌前部稍抬起,上下嘴张开的角度大约呈“45度”,同时发出声音。

单词举例:leg [leg] v. n. 腿,支柱; desk [desk] n. 书桌

(7)/æ/发音技巧

发音时,双唇向两边平伸,张开嘴,嘴唇放松逐渐压低舌头7和下颚,尽可能夸张。

单词举例:bad [bæd] :adj. 坏的,不好的;cat [kæt] :n. 猫,猫科动物

双元音

点击这个视频学习双元音发音。《【【英语基础】英语国际音标-8个双元音的发音-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/VQsPDdl》

8个双元音发音技巧:/eɪ/、/aɪ/、/ɔɪ/、/ɪə/、/eə/、/ʊə/、/əʊ/、/aʊ/

(1)/eɪ/发音技巧

该音是个双元音,发音时双唇稍扁,口形从半开到合。类似于英文字母“A”。

单词举例:say[sei] v.说;delay[diˈlei] n. 延迟 

(2)/aɪ/发音技巧

发此音的关键是要把/a/音发足,接近于英文字母中的“I”。

单词举例:ice  [ais] n. 冰,雪糕;side [said] n. 面,边

(3)/ɔɪ/发音技巧

发音时双唇从圆到扁,口形从开到合。接近于汉语发音“奥一”。

单词举例:oil  [ɔil] n. 油,石油;noise [nɔɪz] n. 噪音,嘈杂声

(4)/ɪə/发音技巧

发声时,由第一个音[i]向[ə]集中,接近于汉语发音“一呃”。

单词举例:fear   [fɪər] :n. 害怕,可能性;dear   [dɪər] :adj. 亲爱的

(5)/eə/发音技巧

接近于汉语发音“哎呃”。

单词举例:bear  [bɛə] :n. 熊;wear  [wɛə] :vt. 穿着

(6)/ʊə/发音技巧

第一个是“短乌音”/u/,第二个是/ə/。类似于汉语发音“屋呃”。

单词举例:sure [ʃʊər] adj. 确信的,确实的;pure  [pjʊər] adj. 纯的; 单纯的

(7)/əʊ/发音技巧

舌位由半低到高,口形由半开到小。接近于汉语发音“呃屋”。

单词举例: flow  [fləu] :vi. 流;glow   [ɡləʊ] :vi. 发光,灼热

(8)/aʊ/发音技巧

由第一个音向第二个音滑动,接近于汉语发音“啊屋”。

单词举例:cow [kaʊ] n. 奶牛,乳牛;hour [aʊər] n. 小时,钟头

辅音

点击这个视频学习辅音发音。《【英语音标(辅音部分),发音规则与技巧!美式发音,地道口语!清辅音,浊辅音!初级,零基础,欢迎新手!-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/dCgZVAA》

11个清辅音 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/ /h/

11个浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /r/

注意:

清辅音:发音时送气,声带不颤动(颤不颤用手放在喉咙上就知道了)

浊辅音:发音时不送气(拿张纸放在嘴前,纸没有被吹开),声带颤动。

(1)/p/ /b/谐音分别为“普”、“卜”,都省去韵母成分

发音方法:/p/是清辅音,声带不振动;/b/是浊辅音,声带振动。

单词举例:/p/:pen [pen] n.钢笔;pin [pin] n.大头针

/b/:bike [baik] n.自行车;beg [beg] v.乞求

(2)/t/ /d/分别谐音“特”、“得”。

发音方法:/t/是清辅音,声带不振动;/d/是浊辅音,声带振动。

单词举例:/t/ :ten [ten] num; test [test] n. 试验, 考验

/d/: student [ˈstudnt]  n.学生; date  [deɪt] n.日期、日子、约见时间 v.注明日期、写上日期

(3)/k/ /g/分别谐音“可”、“嗝”。

发音方法:发音时舌后部隆起紧贴软颚,憋住气,然后突然分开,气流送出口腔,形成爆破音。/k/是清辅音,声带不要振动;/g/是浊辅音,声带需要振动。

单词举例:/k/ :kite [kait] n. 风筝;cake [keɪk] n. 蛋糕

/g/: glove [ɡlʌv] n. 手套;girl [ɡə:l] n. 女孩

(4)/f/ /v/

/f/谐音“府”,/v/就是北方人把W读成V那种感觉。

发音方法:发音前,上齿咬住下嘴唇,然后使气流由唇齿间的缝隙中通过,从而引起摩擦。

/f/是清辅音,发音时声带不震动;/v/是浊辅音,发音时声带振动。

单词举例:/f/:flower ['flaʊər] n. 花;fly [flai] vi.飞, 飞行

/v/:love [lʌv] v. 爱;seven [ˈsevən] num. 七

(5)/θ/ /ð/ 牙齿轻咬舌尖发出的音

发音方法:发音时,舌尖微微伸出,置于上下门齿之间,舌尖和下齿之间的气流通道非常窄小,气流从舌齿间的窄缝中通过。/θ/是清辅音,发音时声带不振动;/ð/是浊辅音,发音时声带振动。

单词举例:/θ/:three [θri:] num. 三; throw [θrəʊ] vi. 投掷

/ð/:this [ðɪs] pron. 这,这个,这里; mother [ˈmʌðə(r)] n. 母亲

(6)/s/ 谐音“丝”,/z/“zi”

发音方法:发音时舌端靠近齿龈,气流由舌端齿龈间送出。/s/是清辅音,声带不振动;/z/是浊浦音,声带振动。

单词举例:/s/:school [sku:l] n. 学校,学院;bus [bʌs] n. 公共汽车

/z/:please [pli:z] int.请;zoo [zu:] n.动物园

(7)/ts/ /dz/分别谐音“次”、“自”

发音方法:舌端先贴住上齿龈,堵住气流,气流送出口腔。/ts/是清辅音,声带不振动,/dz/是浊辅音,声带振动。

单词举例:/ts/:cats [kæts] n. 猫( cat的名词复数 );hats [hæts] n. 帽子( hat的名词复数 )

/dz/:hands [hændz] n.手;lands [lændz] n.陆地

(8)/tr/ /dr/分别谐音“戳”、“捉”

发音方法:舌尖贴齿龈后部,气流冲破阻碍发出短促的/t/后立即发/r/。/tr/是清辅音,声带不振动;/dr/是浊辅音,声带振动。

单词举例:/tr/ : tree [tri:] n. 树,木料;try [traɪ] vt.& vi. 试图

/dr/:dress [dres] n.连衣裙;drink [drɪŋk] v.喝酒

(9)/∫/ /ʒ/分别谐音“诗”、“日”

发音方法:/∫/是清辅音,声带不振动;/ʒ/是浊辅音,声带振动。

单词举例:/∫/:English [ˈɪŋglɪʃ] adj. 英格兰的; 英国的;rubbish [ˈrʌbɪʃ] n. 垃圾;

/ʒ/:pleasure [ˈpleʒə] n.快乐,愉快;casual [ˈkæʒuəl] adj意外的,偶然的

(10)/t∫/ /dʒ/分别谐音“吃”、“之”

发音方法:发音时舌身抬高,舌端抵上齿龈后部,气流通过时发出破擦音。/t∫/是清辅音,声带不振动;/dʒ/是浊辅音,声带振动。

单词举例:/t∫/: chalk [tʃɔ:k] n. 粉笔;chair [tʃeər] n. 椅子

/dʒ/:page [peɪdʒ] n.页 ;age [eɪdʒ] n.年龄

(11)/h/ /r/分别谐音“呵”、“若”,省去韵母成分。

发音方法:

发/h/这个音时,嘴半开,气流从口腔不受阻碍而出,声带不振动,清辅音。

发/r/这个音时,舌端上卷,靠近上齿龈附近,嘴唇张开并保持略圆状态,气流从口腔涌出,声带振动,属于浊辅音。

单词举例: /h/: hair [heə(r)] n.头发;hate [heɪt] v.恨,厌恶

/r/: sorry ['sɒrɪ] v.对不起 ;write [raɪt] v.写

鼻音

点击这个视频学习鼻音发音。《【(21)鼻音 m n ŋ | 英语音标发音口型示范 | 美式发音-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/8P1jfXx》

(1)/m/谐音“恩”

发音方法:双唇紧闭,软腭下垂,气流从鼻腔发出,声带震动。闭口音。

单词举例:major [ˈmeɪdʒə(r)] adj.主要的;time [taɪm] n.时间

(2)/n/谐音“呢”

发音方法:舌尖顶住上齿龈,形成阻碍,气流从鼻腔发出,同时声带震动,开口音。

单词举例:nice [naɪc] adj.漂亮的;funny [ˈfʌni] adj.有趣的

(3)/ŋ/谐音“英”,省去声母部分

发音方法:发音时气流从鼻腔涌出,声带振动。

单词举例: think [θɪŋk] v.想;angel [ˈeɪndʒl] n.天使

边音

点击这个视频学习边音发音。《【真正的国际音标-边音 Lateral-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/G9C7X9F》

/l/谐音“里”

发音方法:舌尖顶住上齿龈,发音时气流从舌面的两侧通过,声带保持震动,属于浊辅音。

单词举例:light [laɪt] n.光线 ;ball [bɔ:l] n.球

半元音

点击这个视频学习半元音发音。《【BBC英语 其他辅音 半元音'w'的发音 与'v'的区别 国际音标发音|Pronunciation Tips 34 - Other Consonant-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/fC2pYDl》

/j/谐音“耶”

发音方法:发音时声带震动,气流口腔发出。浊辅音,发音口型类似/ i/.

单词举例:ye [jes] adv.是的;young [jʌŋ] adj.年轻的

/w/谐音“屋”

发音方法:嘴唇张开到刚好可以含住一根吸管的程度,并向前微噘起,但上齿不能接触下唇,立刻滑向其后的元音。

单词举例:wish [wɪʃ] :v. 希望; which [wɪtʃ] :pron. 哪一个

学习步骤

抄写

抄写音标,并了解音标特点。

对音标的基本认知

1、区别长短音带“:”的音标发音相对较长不带“:”的音标发音相对较短。

2、区别清辅音和浊辅音核心区别:清辅音声带不震动,浊辅音声带振动。

模仿练习

找合适的视频学习学习跟读。例如b站上《【赖世雄48个英语音标朗读示范,美音英音对照版-哔哩哔哩】 【https://b23.tv/sHYQFZ3】》、《【李咏梅老师英语(音标部分)——最牛的初中英语老师!没有之一!李咏梅国际音标 (完整版发音篇)-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/U1pmjNE》、《【纯正英式发音】这是BBC出品的到现在为止最棒的英语发音教程(完整版)-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/gZzDKl5》,以上几个视频都非常不错,详细讲解每个音标的读法。注意视频一定至少跟读5遍,才能确保你的学习效果。

也可以通过下面这个视频观察发音口型的变化。

《【48个英语音标示范读音-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/mt9vVaK》

1、模仿练习,学习国际音标的发音,要注意观察老师的口型,观察发音部位的变化,主动模仿发音,初学可以对着镜子模仿练习,特别是元音发音的舌位高低,口腔开口度大小与音色关系十分密切,可以通过镜子观察口型上的区别,观察舌尖、舌面、舌叶的活动情况,比如u和o、i和e、e和ε等等,掌握准确口腔开口度,对于准确发音具有非常重要的意义。

2、听音训练:学习国际音标需要认识48个音标,通过反反复复的听力练习,达到强化记忆。听音训练,如果有条件,可以多听老师朗读音标,也可以使用录音带反复听音,本课件中的每个音素,都可以循环倾听,强化记忆。

3、多动口,动口是加强实践的关键和核心,听音也好,模仿也好,比较也好,最终要归结到自己发音这一目标上来,所以勤动口是掌握国际音标发音的关键。俗话说,"三天不写手生,三天不念口生",说的就是要加强动手动口能力的培养。因此学习国际音标,要时时加强语音训练,勤动口,反复实践练习,在实践中比较,在实践中体会差别,做到熟能生巧,这样自然就掌握国际音标的发音了。

重点音标讲解

单元音

[i:] =“一”

[ɪ]:[ɪ]开口要比[i:]稍大,注意比较两图口型。

[e] 嘴张45°,[æ]嘴张90°

[ɜ:r] [ər]=“二”

[ə]=额(不卷舌)

[ʌ]:开口比“啊”略小

[ɑ:r]=卷舌的“啊”

[ɑ] =“啊”

[ɔ] =开口稍大的“哦”

[ɔ:r]=卷舌的“哦”

[u:]核心:双唇由半开微突,过渡到合嘴圆唇

[ʊ] 发成噘嘴的[ə],气流向外。

双元音

双元音较简单,大多数可进行类比,注意双元音的重音在第一个音标,即前一个音读的稍重,后一个音读的较轻。

[eɪ]=“A”

[aɪ]=“I”

[əʊ]=“O”

[ɔɪ]=“哦一”

[ɪə]=ear

[eə]=air

[ʊə]=“乌尔”

辅音

大部分辅音跟“汉语拼音”都有相似之处,直接看视频模仿即可,这里只讲解易错发音。

爆破音:

[t] [p] [k] 不要读成[tə] [pə] [kə] 注意:它们声带不震动

摩擦音:

[f][v] 咬唇音,注意上齿咬下唇

[θ][ð]

上下齿轻咬舌头,发音时能看到你的舌头露出

[ʃ]=不发音的“诗” [ʒ]= “日”

[r]=撅嘴+卷舌的“热” [h]=不发音+舌头平放的“喝”

鼻音

[m] 合嘴

[n] 舌前部抵住上颚

[ŋ] 嘴巴张开

舌侧音[l]

元音前:跟拼音“l”发音一致元音后:发“l”的前半段

半元音

[j] “也”

[w] =圆唇噘嘴的“我”

破擦音

[tʃ]= 不发声的“吃”

[dʒ]= “居”

[ts]=不发声的“次”

[dz]=“子”

[tr] 先发“t”,在发“r”,最后结合在一起

[dr] 同上

词汇拼读

1、规划拼读任务,拿出单词书或课本词汇表,找只含1~2个音节的单词拼读,20个为一组,每天练习3组,当然如果有时间,多进行几组也OK,加强效果。后期难度逐渐加大。

2、输入法识别词汇,每拼读一个词汇,都对着X飞输入法的语音识别功能朗读,看能否被输入法识别出单词,用机器来检测是否读的准确。

3、听词汇跟读,不管输入法识别出单词,还是没识别出单词,都要查手机字典,来听一遍听力,并跟读,模仿语调和轻重读音。

例如:Cash driver apartment money breakfast lawyer agency

学习计划

1、国际音标,一共48个,每天学4个,12天学完,元音和辅音每天各学习两个。

2、学完以后结合和音标相关的单词,每天坚持读一个小时,第二天要把第一天的一块儿读,第三天要把前两天的一块儿读,依次类推,坚持学完所有的音标,就可以读字典上任何一个单词。

3、长期坚持下去,会发现其实很多字母和音标有着关联,比如ph都发音标f的音,字母u发尖a的音,类似的规律,当大家坚持下来以后会发现很多,同时你甚至可以听到单词的发音就能把单词拼出来,直接就把背单词的问题解决了,音标会读,单词会读,单词会背,听力当然也不再是问题。自己总结出来的规律说明真的学会了,同时自己得出来的结论要比老师直接告诉你印象更深刻,同时最重要的是用起来更容易。

注意事项

1、了解发音要领,模仿老师口型

学习语音,一定要注意口型,并仔细揣摩每个音标的发音要领,特别是相似音标的发音区别。

零基础学员不要以为盯着老师的口型就好了,其实发音很多都是内部器官看不到的, 所以需要老师正确的发音示范,跟着老师一起读,然后再加上老师给的一些技巧,继续跟读,老师感觉哪有问题,再帮着纠正,这样一系列过程才是练成标准发音的秘籍。

2、 单词拼读实战,一对一纠正错误

养成一口纯正口语最重要的还是练习练习再练习,单词拼读实战训练,巩固你的发音。不断读,不断纠正,训练单个音标到训练多个单词,在学习语音的过程中,再掌握一些基础的词汇。

3、辩音练习,纠正错误,掌握发音规律

训练难度会随着课程的深入不断加强,但还是训练相同的内容,一节课很多类似的训练内容。音标中很多类似的发音,将相似音放在一起对比再练习,舌头和耳朵在这很重要。

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/t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/ /h/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AIKwdykA4ogsCMxghM8cwNI2ndd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /r/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EKwedeuCIoQOQOxsPGjcKnRinVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音 /m/ /n/ /ŋ/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NsCOdg4ACo2C8cxYDOvc9jprnMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"半元音 /j/ /w/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YgEed6IysogkMcxCm9rcZCI9nMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"边音 /ǀ/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UkYUdw6iMoqSiqxwvFGcq3HTnTb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":551,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音标的分类","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6872a8bb79f14f40989a6ed6bc41be7a","width":720},"text":"","id":"C4qGduOAkoiWuQx0ixicZGvqnPh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VYc4dsOwco02wAxAp27chauenkc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"长元音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MI8CdGMgmoi24ox6Isuc2rBwnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点击这个视频学习长元音发音。《【元音音标(长元音)-哔哩哔哩】 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看见,参看","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HoymdmuGiocUiExgVgicDvQJn2b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":306,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"长元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/11401e7cc5bc444dbe441c1675fed41f","width":451},"text":"","id":"Jwu8dI462oaeoYx2YiTciWTqnvE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)/ɜ:/发音技巧:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ts2qdA6SgoseSMxKkuqcBll6nug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/ɜ:/是长元音,近似于北京腔的“儿”话音,如“花儿”的“儿”。发好这个音,关键在于卷舌!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OYYudyQECoAUWCxAXCXcpSQNnwb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:shirt [ʃə:t] n. 衬衫,男士衬衫;nurse [nə:s] n. 护士,保姆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"COSGdekU0o4gUuxMXnMcC6pCn2c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":377,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"长元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/623ec09f755c4250bf94380ee9544915","width":562},"text":"","id":"FCiYdGaciomUW2xG0SicnSgFnLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)/u:/发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PWOIdEuS2o0WmaxWew6cVNb0nEf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发这个音时双唇用力向前突出,有点像拉长了音说“乌”,但要注意,“乌”的口形较扁。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KGkEdI2kMos20Ox2r4qcCFyXnnc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:moon [mu:n] n. 月球,月亮;room [ruːm] n. 房间,空间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Esasd8QoioyssQxkPtKc5kBmnJc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":301,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"长元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fe82dde826ae4239afa4b48ffe8b0c42","width":453},"text":"","id":"RKWId4Ca4og0QexmwWYcZ2TOnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)/a:/发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TAmEdomGco0mmmxMBcic5uLqnaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音时口张大,双唇稍收圆。发音时可以照着镜子,说“啊”,看看嘴巴张得够不够大,记得要将嘴巴尽量张大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TSYadWSEcooYEQxIUAjct9vnnFJ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:ask [a:sk] v. 问,询问; far [fa:r] adj. 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合身,适合于","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Peq6dMSKAoKMiex85ZpcCHMwn8c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":282,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"短元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7490f86fa2e840c7822c7a8652cc3b59","width":454},"text":"","id":"Jg8qd0SAGoaqQYxWG62cTGd0nJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)/ə/发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Yi4gdOOSwoqi4ixUPCxcr7dTn8N"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音时舌身平放,双唇扁平。发这个音时不用卷舌。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QSWGdgm2wokq4uxaoSxc9pQNnAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:teacher [ˈtiːtʃə] n. 老师,教师; mother [ˈmʌðə] n. 母亲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N600dqWCioIGAexsDGtcikolnSc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":285,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"短元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fc5b84b799c543ba81a17ef6447d69b3","width":451},"text":"","id":"Zicodsi0aoGSMcxMFmhcGojin4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)/ɔ","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"/ ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cwu6dsy0ioSIoQxQ3McctItdnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这是一个短元音,发音一定要短,发音比/ɔ:/短一些,双唇稍稍收圆,并向前突出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B40SdEqGeommYaxUVmkcbAFunof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:dog [dɔg] n.狗,家伙;hot [hɔt] adj. 热的,辣的","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E6OQdeMYeo8kqAxQFP0cUzhtnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)/u/ 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n. 面,边","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HIYQdm4KkocmioxVAXPcjTFInvy"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":303,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1fac52f81d3e43b4ad93559d84c6e4fd","width":452},"text":"","id":"GW2id2oWuoywqex6iJZcG5KXnWh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)/ɔɪ/发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AOWIdIc8moigIixsbHIckhi8n5G"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音时双唇从圆到扁,口形从开到合。接近于汉语发音“奥一”","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FSw4ducquoQKMuxMtIScMy4wnWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:oil  [ɔil] n. 油,石油;noise [nɔɪz] n. 噪音,嘈杂声","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LW2od6qk0oqyU4x8qOAczdchnCc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":302,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9307e1ed689946e9bd14a681c5b78d92","width":448},"text":"","id":"WMKUd2wgKoIQ6uxQbA9cgGWindd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)/ɪə/发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cae2duCEsoem4yxA3tvc0cmdnCf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发声时,由第一个音[i]向[ə]集中,接近于汉语发音“一呃”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C68Md8ms8ociOqxWGiVcBAMJnEe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:fear   [fɪər] :n. 害怕,可能性;dear   [dɪər] :adj. 亲爱的","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Eawkdmem6owIQYxisRVcS3Ljnce"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":306,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4aecdc72dc8d4a52a355153570863ecb","width":449},"text":"","id":"UQCadEEogosc0cxCAiZcP9D0nme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)/eə/发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Es8ydgUYyoW0UGx0u3PcNSMZnzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"接近于汉语发音“哎呃”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I42OdKEEso2AYKxwDFhc15xGnPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:bear  [bɛə] :n. 熊;wear  [wɛə] :vt. 穿着","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Mi4GdQ4cooIqGGxWszQcP7P6nUb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":301,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/80a62f63b71d441fab8b7b937db156b5","width":455},"text":"","id":"WKgEdmMEeooMAGxraS2cKlFNnzp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(6)/ʊə/发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JYs6des4GosOg2xWIw7c5U11nBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一个是“短乌音”/u/,第二个是/ə/。类似于汉语发音“屋呃”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qgsgdw2qgoa6WSx2zPjcHHBLnSf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:sure [ʃʊər] adj. 确信的,确实的;pure  [pjʊər] adj. 纯的; 单纯的","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IqQidGY8uou04vxQr5ucq8izn2T"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":338,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c63377faff584578850c4f931e0964a4","width":500},"text":"","id":"G2Uod4AO2oA0yuxOgbYcsRAUnbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(7)/əʊ/发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AKMadGucOoaaGIxQFbicoXY5n6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"舌位由半低到高,口形由半开到小。接近于汉语发音“呃屋”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KkSUdWMwwo4CE8xKwmhcnBqwnyc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例: flow  [fləu] :vi. 流;glow   [ɡləʊ] :vi. 发光,灼热","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BKa0dKw0qoIKk2xYZC6cRR28n5b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":305,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/02a605adae3540e89ce2893523886858","width":451},"text":"","id":"NM2wdK6S2oeIQYxCgOxcYt4snue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(8)/aʊ/发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V4eedMomYoYYUUx8kmacWlySn9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由第一个音向第二个音滑动,接近于汉语发音“啊屋”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kuy8dSgWgoKKG0xlGmGcJFU1nm7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:cow [kaʊ] n. 奶牛,乳牛;hour [aʊər] n. 小时,钟头","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EG88doWaio0GUwx0M5Yc3mtvnwb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":336,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1955882da7c54a7d936a2a26325b2b9c","width":500},"text":"","id":"V04od2GkKokq6WxuazbctmCGnmh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PiwcdwQISoMwgsx0yFucrIYUnih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点击这个视频学习辅音发音。《【英语音标(辅音部分),发音规则与技巧!美式发音,地道口语!清辅音,浊辅音!初级,零基础,欢迎新手!-哔哩哔哩】 ","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/dCgZVAA"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/dCgZVAA","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DAMod2AYQoGwMYxmm7pcZVEgnRd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11个清辅音 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/ /h/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JY04deUyUo4SOIx00V9cNrjgn2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11个浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /r/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aya6dI06WoYGm0xgFG8cd2RWnVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DCAKdYKa6o6CskxSKjOcMmqYnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"清辅音:发音时送气,声带不颤动(颤不颤用手放在喉咙上就知道了)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V4c8d0oaKoiiasxSJbIc3Phpn8z"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"浊辅音:发音时不送气(拿张纸放在嘴前,纸没有被吹开),声带颤动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C6msd8Wsao4MCox3aGXchxhTnit"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)/p/ /b/谐音分别为“普”、“卜”,都省去韵母成分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WqgqdeYCwoquUGxIpR6cp8i9n6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:/p/是清辅音,声带不振动;/b/是浊辅音,声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q2iUduAywo0QcsxAPIvcauRYn1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:/p/:pen [pen] n.钢笔;pin [pin] n.大头针","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6YGdymweowsukxi0Chcjet4nbe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/b/:bike [baik] n.自行车;beg [beg] v.乞求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IukEd2acUomqsix61ZlcYRZgntc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":291,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/606b063e5abc4abda1a64a5bcd15ed33","width":453},"text":"","id":"GAAodsy42oGcEOxqesecgGainDg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":279,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/62b2c2ff83cd446e913fc3894b60f5ed","width":453},"text":"","id":"LocqdA2WqoWwOmx4iqoc1Co1nzd"}],"text":"","id":"OUu0dw0IUoCAoKxWuwQcERpSn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)/t/ /d/分别谐音“特”、“得”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OUu0dw0IUoCAoKxWuwQcERpSn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:/t/是清辅音,声带不振动;/d/是浊辅音,声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WqgudmymyoWeMyxG4qAcXd5Nn3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:/t/ :ten [ten] num; test [test] n. 试验, 考验","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CmCsdscSUougQExs3LHcC6Yvnxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/d/: student [ˈstudnt]  n.学生; date  [deɪt] n.日期、日子、约见时间 v.注明日期、写上日期","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QEwYdeUuqoceaWxmGpgcCQRAnaf"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":285,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a42294e34f854b1db31a0c38ef37302c","width":450},"text":"","id":"Q8KYdagoIo4k20x8FBYcKkY5ng9"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":303,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/904cd5e38687477288a3126fcc4f1018","width":454},"text":"","id":"EOGSdg44io6MwMxwFg2cxsvAnPf"}],"text":"","id":"DQQedqwyMooIEkxIKJIcVruHnlb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)/k/ /g/分别谐音“可”、“嗝”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DQQedqwyMooIEkxIKJIcVruHnlb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:发音时舌后部隆起紧贴软颚,憋住气,然后突然分开,气流送出口腔,形成爆破音。/k/是清辅音,声带不要振动;/g/是浊辅音,声带需要振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CiO0dy8SCoiem2xKge6ccUbyn7e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:/k/ :kite [kait] n. 风筝;cake [keɪk] n. 蛋糕","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FUQodyeyyoWuQAx2JGYcZNT1nqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/g/: glove [ɡlʌv] n. 手套;girl [ɡə:l] n. 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/v/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DySedIAYgoKsywxoVI4cNSDinKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/f/谐音“府”,/v/就是北方人把W读成V那种感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ISoKdAUgYoGIyExI5y6cPFHfnPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:发音前,上齿咬住下嘴唇,然后使气流由唇齿间的缝隙中通过,从而引起摩擦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RM62de2eqoAkcixAxO3c7o2nn2b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/f/是清辅音,发音时声带不震动;/v/是浊辅音,发音时声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AGkSdk02UoUYoqx87ogcwnwpnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:/f/:flower ['flaʊər] n. 花;fly [flai] vi.飞, 飞行","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DmI8dMaAyocKYixCAJOcvEDznmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/v/:love [lʌv] v. 爱;seven [ˈsevən] num. 七","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CaQOdgSIQogyCOxO4sGcBbGqnkg"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":307,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ce3c52756514e448ddc1d518e55ecdf","width":450},"text":"","id":"Pam6duQkAoyQ6Oxq6dwcgin7nTe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":307,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0d517eafc9904db59404a654d6aabfd9","width":499},"text":"","id":"A6ugd446kocAo6xgNYQcDw1hnId"}],"text":"","id":"XICgdYG6eowkcoxiK6zcQDIVn3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)/θ/ /ð/ 牙齿轻咬舌尖发出的音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XICgdYG6eowkcoxiK6zcQDIVn3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:发音时,舌尖微微伸出,置于上下门齿之间,舌尖和下齿之间的气流通道非常窄小,气流从舌齿间的窄缝中通过。/θ/是清辅音,发音时声带不振动;/ð/是浊辅音,发音时声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XmG0de0CookKwKxgJVJctctcnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:/θ/:three [θri:] num. 三; throw [θrəʊ] vi. 投掷","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BQUadqEywoMcs2xEtzIc5zkmnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/ð/:this [ðɪs] pron. 这,这个,这里; mother [ˈmʌðə(r)] n. 母亲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NGMedc0I2oEIOEx6qDWc6Ca4nwg"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":430,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/50168da9a42b477395fa447a59aadf00","width":640},"text":"","id":"TS0MdAOiIoWak2x4Fr2cXJLRneg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":250,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fe852c5bda9443b4b98bcb1ed73950ab","width":456},"text":"","id":"Y6o6dYI68oOO4ixYzmUcUdwlnHg"}],"text":"","id":"MCEgdOoEkoUE2qxAtnfcviE7nSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(6)/s/ 谐音“丝”,/z/“zi”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MCEgdOoEkoUE2qxAtnfcviE7nSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:发音时舌端靠近齿龈,气流由舌端齿龈间送出。/s/是清辅音,声带不振动;/z/是浊浦音,声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MiYMdEsIcom0uoxgfRFcbXodnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:/s/:school [sku:l] n. 学校,学院;bus 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/dz/分别谐音“次”、“自”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RKu4dWEeIo4Og6xqiP7cXVdwnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:舌端先贴住上齿龈,堵住气流,气流送出口腔。/ts/是清辅音,声带不振动,/dz/是浊辅音,声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wu2AdkuSioKeekxGWiWcUNN1nFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:/ts/:cats [kæts] n. 猫( cat的名词复数 );hats [hæts] n. 帽子( hat的名词复数 ) ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOksdQsWUoKGA2xETz0chmFantf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/dz/:hands [hændz] n.手;lands [lændz] n.陆地","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CMmSdKgc0oK828xcVxeci6yGnOg"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":289,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8fdc13488fbc4d59a98f9f0713aefe7c","width":450},"text":"","id":"P8KydWaQYo8qWUxQppkc4qdhngb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":276,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c7a93711b0e46cc83a527c60d527179","width":451},"text":"","id":"PkmQd6QMeoIcCIxoQSfcvdqVnmb"}],"text":"","id":"Ng8qda44kouo0UxWAN2cpPcpnkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(8)/tr/ /dr/分别谐音“戳”、“捉”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ng8qda44kouo0UxWAN2cpPcpnkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:舌尖贴齿龈后部,气流冲破阻碍发出短促的/t/后立即发/r/。/tr/是清辅音,声带不振动;/dr/是浊辅音,声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GSKsdMQi0o82OexWotqcSV0KnVc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:/tr/ : tree [tri:] n. 树,木料;try [traɪ] vt.\u0026 vi. 试图 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GGkKdsqAqo0C8WxqIJucE48Anzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/dr/:dress [dres] n.连衣裙;drink [drɪŋk] v.喝酒","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HcYWdO6moomiWCxi6X3c322tnUe"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":306,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8cd7b6ea3573404d915c2b39fdd668ad","width":454},"text":"","id":"Vg4UdMsoWosWm6xmPRjcCCNMnyQ"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":296,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/700de1de8f2b402893d73b6fd25b5342","width":452},"text":"","id":"OsM4dSIkIouswGxiw7LcHHrMnjb"}],"text":"","id":"JSaEd8UAsoau4axA33tcPSTUnLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(9)/∫/ /ʒ/分别谐音“诗”、“日”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JSaEd8UAsoau4axA33tcPSTUnLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:/∫/是清辅音,声带不振动;/ʒ/是浊辅音,声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PKmAda0ceooIAExiq07crsVtnid"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:/∫/:English [ˈɪŋglɪʃ] adj. 英格兰的; 英国的;rubbish [ˈrʌbɪʃ] n. 垃圾;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FGIidicIkoCGCKxKo0PcQBYlnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/ʒ/:pleasure [ˈpleʒə] n.快乐,愉快;casual [ˈkæʒuəl] adj意外的,偶然的","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MwwIdAKiooqy2Cxak94c5PDbnGg"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":285,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8f332b0d40c74d34ae86cb1fa3ca05e7","width":454},"text":"","id":"DwsYdMccsog0iYxISsfcHUVinNH"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":228,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f540e592612a4386a861f7ad67e4073c","width":453},"text":"","id":"ISiYdkQoGoGQe0xKa7JcQsU3n3d"}],"text":"","id":"SMc2d28g4oE0muxS4CIcteUNn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(10)/t∫/ /dʒ/分别谐音“吃”、“之”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SMc2d28g4oE0muxS4CIcteUNn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:发音时舌身抬高,舌端抵上齿龈后部,气流通过时发出破擦音。/t∫/是清辅音,声带不振动;/dʒ/是浊辅音,声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U0gWdO4iMoCAaoxYfM3cC5m6n7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:/t∫/: chalk [tʃɔ:k] n. 粉笔;chair [tʃeər] n. 椅子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NK0ydWy0SoseSyxGoJMcJWW5nLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/dʒ/:page [peɪdʒ] n.页 ;age [eɪdʒ] n.年龄","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OEesduWwUowgWuxm4gJcL9gGnuc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":277,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8b628a6b1e514fe0b391ed64c1367954","width":454},"text":"","id":"V86EdgUKGoouEOxqclNcNjX5nCh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":267,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6d921b622ffa4a38a273f436986ea872","width":445},"text":"","id":"VIo0dGc4yoCimMxU5WBcTgQNnSb"}],"text":"","id":"E0eYdWCA2oa2Q8xADQhcjsCsnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(11)/h/ /r/分别谐音“呵”、“若”,省去韵母成分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0eYdWCA2oa2Q8xADQhcjsCsnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M04md204koiKaQxcjQPccMzznXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发/h/这个音时,嘴半开,气流从口腔不受阻碍而出,声带不振动,清辅音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K6Kidis8moccGAxjkUjcGKHMncS"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发/r/这个音时,舌端上卷,靠近上齿龈附近,嘴唇张开并保持略圆状态,气流从口腔涌出,声带振动,属于浊辅音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Skk8dmsmoog2KwxWIvucX2Yvnyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例: /h/: hair [heə(r)] n.头发;hate [heɪt] v.恨,厌恶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeIKdecMEoOEEsxC2MDcxzKenug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/r/: sorry ['sɒrɪ] v.对不起 ;write [raɪt] v.写","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AmKEdA6O2oMuaCxQ3hLc0Vauneh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":285,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ae68233a2f1f4e0bae1ada1aafa601b2","width":455},"text":"","id":"B2IgdUQ0AoYG6wxYVJccq7VMnag"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":690,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b5bc0da8fe7f4de1b056a6e261a0535d","width":1024},"text":"","id":"FoGadAwoIoQ8iux6WegcTMzCnlb"}],"text":"","id":"Tgm6dmyKQoWAASxyMtHcwHwxnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Tgm6dmyKQoWAASxyMtHcwHwxnwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点击这个视频学习鼻音发音。《【(21)鼻音 m n ŋ | 英语音标发音口型示范 | 美式发音-哔哩哔哩】 ","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/8P1jfXx"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/8P1jfXx","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QsmOdYKyAoKyYgxct1YcwrFxnof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)/m/谐音“恩”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GAAmd86QgomQgmxaa0LcUWtJn8c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:双唇紧闭,软腭下垂,气流从鼻腔发出,声带震动。闭口音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ws8udoA2soaccyxaUb3cYEJCnkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:major [ˈmeɪdʒə(r)] adj.主要的;time [taɪm] n.时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NGuudoKUeogKgKxS8ZUcakUsnYg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":275,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f85c67957ccc46bdaa291f21c4945bbf","width":453},"text":"","id":"JSAAdM6wSo6uSUxQzE5cb42LnQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)/n/谐音“呢”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MsCId8QaAou0OwxCavicqQUSnLh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:舌尖顶住上齿龈,形成阻碍,气流从鼻腔发出,同时声带震动,开口音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E2GAdKKSGoCuWIxQdrXctfW6nvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:nice [naɪc] adj.漂亮的;funny [ˈfʌni] adj.有趣的","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MysCdSuOeoeK8ixaugKcDN72nUf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":302,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cf6bbf9b230c4ba385b68bf46687dc48","width":449},"text":"","id":"IKM0duY8Go6u4CxkBlucRm0XnPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)/ŋ/谐音“英”,省去声母部分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WcoodGMkwoI2YGxIP4ucIJsAnRC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:发音时气流从鼻腔涌出,声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UWcSd6OUCoq0a8xAV9sc88PznPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例: think [θɪŋk] v.想;angel [ˈeɪndʒl] n.天使","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6YIdO2o0o8w2Ax5e5RcRshSnn9"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":281,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9be0385b2e8b48298d7c1f70fbddcfcd","width":453},"text":"","id":"Ng62d6MoOo82sUx6k4VcQMB9nYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"边音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HuSIdwyEkoMIqCxotU0cFfxbnNb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点击这个视频学习边音发音。《【真正的国际音标-边音 Lateral-哔哩哔哩】 ","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/G9C7X9F"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/G9C7X9F","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C8uCdoCuco8aeGxkXIScGUjtnme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/l/谐音“里”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EkeKdas6eoQ8msxawD1cdzE7n6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:舌尖顶住上齿龈,发音时气流从舌面的两侧通过,声带保持震动,属于浊辅音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIWkd0eeuoiCGqx6rikckQCtnld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:light [laɪt] n.光线 ;ball [bɔ:l] 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","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/fC2pYDl"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/fC2pYDl","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I8yIdi2Ego4uoyxmUgXcTisJn0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/j/谐音“耶”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J2ScdIcYUouWkWxiojWcdJ1KnJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法:发音时声带震动,气流口腔发出。浊辅音,发音口型类似/ i/.","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QmQMd4CA2o0cWYxeKdicdK2bn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例:ye [jes] adv.是的;young [jʌŋ] 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哪一个","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N8yMd808YogkeYxS8Bzcw8AnnZe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":299,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"半元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/752d066e3d624ac5a0a385ff5a02f131","width":453},"text":"","id":"A2EAdkoKaoKUE8xCUKAcaFHvnrh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KGmUduwi2o4WWcxW8UAcAtf6nsh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"抄写","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CyQmdY0woowyiWxQtzSct7zAn95"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"抄写音标,并了解音标特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OKeud2iiGoSqEAxWbELcjRpgnqb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对音标的基本认知","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RaimdAOiYoEG8SxSmf2ceFeonGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、区别长短音带“:”的音标发音相对较长不带“:”的音标发音相对较短。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z2ScdmyGqomYqaxyqkdcLdq3nhL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、区别清辅音和浊辅音核心区别:清辅音声带不震动,浊辅音声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NYY8dyIYwo8OyAxcjYfcWTgKn3f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"模仿练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V8YAdU2MgoEgOGxKAYHckkUAn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"找合适的视频学习学习跟读。例如b站上《【赖世雄48个英语音标朗读示范,美音英音对照版-哔哩哔哩】 【","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/sHYQFZ3"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/sHYQFZ3","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"】》、《【李咏梅老师英语(音标部分)——最牛的初中英语老师!没有之一!李咏梅国际音标 (完整版发音篇)-哔哩哔哩】 ","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/U1pmjNE"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/U1pmjNE","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》、《【纯正英式发音】这是BBC出品的到现在为止最棒的英语发音教程(完整版)-哔哩哔哩】 ","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/gZzDKl5"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/gZzDKl5","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》,以上几个视频都非常不错,详细讲解每个音标的读法。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"注意视频一定至少跟读5遍,才能确保你的学习效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KS4ydK4S6oiIQmxu0vncRSQHnMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也可以通过下面这个视频观察发音口型的变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IuCAd8Eeao4kYCxCirecwybinKd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《【48个英语音标示范读音-哔哩哔哩】 ","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://b23.tv/mt9vVaK"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://b23.tv/mt9vVaK","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CMmAd4gewoQWIUxKQ07cNUeEnPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、模仿练习,学习国际音标的发音,要注意观察老师的口型,观察发音部位的变化,主动模仿发音,初学可以对着镜子模仿练习,特别是元音发音的舌位高低,口腔开口度大小与音色关系十分密切,可以通过镜子观察口型上的区别,观察舌尖、舌面、舌叶的活动情况,比如u和o、i和e、e和ε等等,掌握准确口腔开口度,对于准确发音具有非常重要的意义。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XcymdwOWCo6CIGxa2tecRpqyncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、听音训练:学习国际音标需要认识48个音标,通过反反复复的听力练习,达到强化记忆。听音训练,如果有条件,可以多听老师朗读音标,也可以使用录音带反复听音,本课件中的每个音素,都可以循环倾听,强化记忆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N242dAYGAoY4MIxCel4c7gT7nOd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、多动口,动口是加强实践的关键和核心,听音也好,模仿也好,比较也好,最终要归结到自己发音这一目标上来,所以勤动口是掌握国际音标发音的关键。俗话说,\"三天不写手生,三天不念口生\",说的就是要加强动手动口能力的培养。因此学习国际音标,要时时加强语音训练,勤动口,反复实践练习,在实践中比较,在实践中体会差别,做到熟能生巧,这样自然就掌握国际音标的发音了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C8AGdQweWo6Eq4xwZQpcAzqTnGg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"重点音标讲解","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NYgkdUaewoSIquxc48NcmqD7nQy"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YW4wdUskoocOAwxuatBcuFsWn1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[i:] 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=“啊”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOUkd82oyoSQK2xGU3Yc38ITngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ɔ] =开口稍大的“哦”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BY4wdeQqqoy6C6xqo3wc8LQdnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ɔ:r]=卷舌的“哦”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VieGd4caOoI2eIxKk63cHfKcnEh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/47f4542a00f04f7aae6be6656657cf8c","width":114},"text":"","id":"IE8cdeAC4oMySuxgcAocFfSanZ3"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/710b04be027845d7be2106e9bbeb33a3","width":104},"text":"","id":"XmK2diS0YoCssGx8z5CcCyTSnad"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/710b04be027845d7be2106e9bbeb33a3","width":104},"text":"","id":"XmK2diS0YoCssGx8z5CcCyTSnad"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/89ec169b38a04ab99190b396206e9400","width":98},"text":"","id":"UyMSdui2WoASQExMfVZcTvLqnrd"}],"text":"","id":"T8sYd4Wu8oaAOIxMxS7cIc9snLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[u:]核心:双唇由半开微突,过渡到合嘴圆唇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8sYd4Wu8oaAOIxMxS7cIc9snLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ʊ] 发成噘嘴的[ə],气流向外。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4EUdoaeCoGgg2xA94WcKc7XnVg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RGS8duyAEoSGqgxas3DcrumNnog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音较简单,大多数可进行类比,注意双元音的重音在第一个音标,即前一个音读的稍重,后一个音读的较轻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ww4IdocgUoaaeAxYJjwcra66neh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[eɪ]=“A”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TciidSSSmoKY6MxOmfycHajin1A"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[aɪ]=“I”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QyWEdEi4eo0WC4xYBXWcKXKJn3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[əʊ]=“O”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OaqodkkAWoIIwixUvLJciK9Dnbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ɔɪ]=“哦一”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EIkGdeWMMoCgCKxujKucWEgXnl7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ɪə]=ear","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E6Wedoq6Go4KQKx0OLvcGKWAnNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[eə]=air","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WKsUdcKGSouW0exAVi9cPsZcnWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ʊə]=“乌尔”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JMWSdYuUAo84WexU5RncsFdWnYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6SAdQWcYoe2WexqIZ7cCguWnbd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大部分辅音跟“汉语拼音”都有相似之处,直接看视频模仿即可,这里只讲解易错发音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WOS4dUWgKoegoQxoBW1c0scNnCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"爆破音:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AGwkdoY06oeKEExaYJdcMIPWnyc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[t] [p] [k] 不要读成[tə] [pə] [kə] 注意:它们声带不震动","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LqIEdUkemo8g6Gx2j13czIRNn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"摩擦音:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAkqdWaUkoe4oQx6CBicKu6JnIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[f][v] 咬唇音,注意上齿咬下唇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UMwCdEUkWoQ6uQxwJcscTdTUnrd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":146,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2ad2d1355a204bcbae724b0dc07ceb1b","width":248},"text":"","id":"QugUdOeOOoC8yAxzSjzcPmdenp5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[θ][ð]","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BoGUd4UcUoS2eSxig5ac7Oh0nPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上下齿轻咬舌头,发音时能看到你的舌头露出","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YesIdOoy4oEWmax6YWXcvXUSn1g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":125,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fb45b894066748d99889cbe3cbcf925d","width":239},"text":"","id":"XM0idmGoWosKc0xkOwdckSZZnUx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ʃ]=不发音的“诗” [ʒ]= “日”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BC0IdUyW4oiyGqxMzvxcAjzpnIg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":144,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c8f6dc95aeda44ba960be5c6b0ae01ba","width":278},"text":"","id":"DSW8dw0eQoyYAIx87UScLiJbnvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[r]=撅嘴+卷舌的“热” [h]=不发音+舌头平放的“喝”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HMsYdguS0osqikxYJjncCMxjnie"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QYkOdgowEo6mSExYBRPc5wiznOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[m] 合嘴","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LeSWdaaQkouGaMxKWxWcL08ense"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[n] 舌前部抵住上颚","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XmKIdKGsiooa6ix6RbecaOExnUd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ŋ] 嘴巴张开","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xcusd4giYokcyGxKw8JccJM3nxd"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6809d9fd4d604c999772a6441dca8739","width":157},"text":"","id":"HEw2dqIAYoysEoxiySQcHndjnud"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6fa595b78ba94c89aadb1b2da94aaa69","width":157},"text":"","id":"CiAOdC6iooIYUEx0Yq6cvTGhnGd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6fa595b78ba94c89aadb1b2da94aaa69","width":157},"text":"","id":"CiAOdC6iooIYUEx0Yq6cvTGhnGd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5675b8cf0d67465db9106dd349b765ab","width":165},"text":"","id":"ICYydaeeyosCAQxq6mDcf2cJnvb"}],"text":"","id":"IM4QdgE82oU0wAxkvaac1cYYnPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"舌侧音[l]","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IM4QdgE82oU0wAxkvaac1cYYnPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"元音前:跟拼音“l”发音一致元音后:发“l”的前半段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UAW4dyoO6ouEMwxU9DycGSVfnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"半元音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VYiUdiuoAoc0SkxJxQ7cKyODnHH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[j] “也”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MiEYdKWOGoYoCsxaALDcfRxtn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[w] =圆唇噘嘴的“我”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Eakqd8i8gomqCCx0C5ScvszAn3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"破擦音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PWgEdOqSCo2cwaxgnVNcniofnCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[tʃ]= 不发声的“吃”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QUISdIOmYo8CAEx2xyfcxw1EnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[dʒ]= “居”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XGoQdUkewoOKqwxg1NmcNvosncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ts]=不发声的“次”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P8K6ducAkoeSccxsVFec10Icnve"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[dz]=“子”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V2CSdAm0ioYYcqxADoecjOXUn5T"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[tr] 先发“t”,在发“r”,最后结合在一起","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PMwOdSKYsoO6yyxKW0vcyzhxnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[dr] 同上","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PqcCdaYuSosyuIx02oycX1iwnQh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"词汇拼读","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I0GedsKk0oUgoOxuyXccgX1vnGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、规划拼读任务,拿出单词书或课本词汇表,找只含1~2个音节的单词拼读,20个为一组,每天练习3组,当然如果有时间,多进行几组也OK,加强效果。后期难度逐渐加大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YiK6dkyMqoE6KYxcZFecaO2Onic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、输入法识别词汇,每拼读一个词汇,都对着X飞输入法的语音识别功能朗读,看能否被输入法识别出单词,用机器来检测是否读的准确。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F82MdiS0OoEyEyxk1SicCu6vnaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、听词汇跟读,不管输入法识别出单词,还是没识别出单词,都要查手机字典,来听一遍听力,并跟读,模仿语调和轻重读音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GcOsd4I80oaSsExCYAecvtgonmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:Cash driver apartment money breakfast lawyer agency ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UAkYd6KyoosOe8xyaEycPumwn0d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习计划","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ig8edugQyogYa8xmCTpcTKcgnRf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、国际音标,一共48个,每天学4个,12天学完,元音和辅音每天各学习两个。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kk6IdUSM0omgecxaQbkcSsZsnve"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、学完以后结合和音标相关的单词,每天坚持读一个小时,第二天要把第一天的一块儿读,第三天要把前两天的一块儿读,依次类推,坚持学完所有的音标,就可以读字典上任何一个单词。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QG6sdm2M4o68ouxYDuzcFDxhn9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、长期坚持下去,会发现其实很多字母和音标有着关联,比如ph都发音标f的音,字母u发尖a的音,类似的规律,当大家坚持下来以后会发现很多,同时你甚至可以听到单词的发音就能把单词拼出来,直接就把背单词的问题解决了,音标会读,单词会读,单词会背,听力当然也不再是问题。自己总结出来的规律说明真的学会了,同时自己得出来的结论要比老师直接告诉你印象更深刻,同时最重要的是用起来更容易。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Km8odoYG4omMG2xQjwvctwuOn8e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XS6WduK8gocSyQxwpyYc32mDnId"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、了解发音要领,模仿老师口型","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QaWwde6UQoWyyox8b3Yc0PnGngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习语音,一定要注意口型,并仔细揣摩每个音标的发音要领,特别是相似音标的发音区别。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jii2diISEoMkQixoveicLaPdn7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"零基础学员不要以为盯着老师的口型就好了,其实发音很多都是内部器官看不到的, 所以需要老师正确的发音示范,跟着老师一起读,然后再加上老师给的一些技巧,继续跟读,老师感觉哪有问题,再帮着纠正,这样一系列过程才是练成标准发音的秘籍。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pow0deEogocwqexqKJOchO9Qnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、 单词拼读实战,一对一纠正错误","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KqAmdu0E4oWkkExaukOcf14rnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"养成一口纯正口语最重要的还是练习练习再练习,单词拼读实战训练,巩固你的发音。不断读,不断纠正,训练单个音标到训练多个单词,在学习语音的过程中,再掌握一些基础的词汇。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B0cyd2a4kowyACxM4E2cCki4nsi"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、辩音练习,纠正错误,掌握发音规律","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AQWQdmkKmoYcqyxsrTAcvvH8nhy"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"训练难度会随着课程的深入不断加强,但还是训练相同的内容,一节课很多类似的训练内容。音标中很多类似的发音,将相似音放在一起对比再练习,舌头和耳朵在这很重要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LyKYdA4oIoQC8exa2vjcYOc1nle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G4aGdqMEMoO2AGxkzAkcWRvAnHd"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

3. 海洋石油623船

海洋石油623集远洋拖带、一级消防、浮油回收和守护等综合功能于一身的国内首艘油田守护船,在广州黄埔船厂建成。该船也是我国首艘自行研制、采用电力推进系统和DP系统的高新技术船舶,船总长69.3米。据悉,该船集中多项高精尖技术和设计,仅动用一支类似“指挥棒”的操作杆,就可完成航向和定位等多项操作。

4. 海洋石油612船

那得看你是哪个省份的考生,以及你要考的是

中国石油大学北京

,还是

中国石油大学华东

啦,不同的地方,不同的石油大学分数线是不一样的,比如今年高考在山东省,中国石油大学北京最低分是616,而中国石油大学华东最低分是612

5. 海洋石油673船

五六十年代,是美国经济空前发展的时期。工业生产年平均增长率50年代为4.0%,60年代为5.0%。1970年与1950年相比,美国工业生产增加了1.24倍,其增长的速度比受战争破坏严重的日本、意大利、联邦德国、法国为低,但比英国为高,也明显地高于美国两次大战之间时期的速度。美国国民生产总值在战时最高额的1945年是3552亿美元。战后略有下降,朝鲜战争爆发后重新上升,到1953年国民生产总值达到4128亿美元。此后连续上升,1960年国民生产总值达到5037亿美元,人均收入达1883美元。60年代上升得更快。从1961年到1969年,经济持续高涨。1965年的工业生产增长率达到9.9%。1970年国民生产总值高达9741亿美元,人均收入增长了37.5%,为2579美元,被称为“繁荣的十年”。作为美国经济三大支柱的钢铁、汽车和建筑工业,战后仍然继续发展。整个50年代,汽车销售量年平均接近700万辆,60年代则超过900万辆。1940年和1970年之间,小汽车由2750万辆激增到9000万辆,由平均每五人一辆增至几乎每两人一辆。战后蓬勃兴起的石油、化工、天然气、电子、航空和宇航、原子能等新兴工业部门,发展更为迅速。化学工业增长的重要原因是用化学方法加工和生产一整批新工业品——塑料、合成橡胶、合成纤维、合成洗涤剂、药物、杀虫药剂等的结果。30年代电子工业主要生产收音机和通信设备,其产值在1939年不过5亿美元。战时和战后技术革命的结果,使1969年电子工业的产值接近150亿美元。电视机的产量1947年是7000部,到1971年美国家庭拥有6300多万部黑白电视机和2700多万部彩色电视机,平均每两个家庭有三部电视机。电视台从1946年的10个增加到1969年的673个。1954年,美国只有200部电子计算机,到1970年估计达10万部。电子计算机和工业数据处理设备的销售额连续20年创造新纪录,1969年高达78亿美元。家庭、办公室和工厂消耗天然气的价值,由1940年的8亿美元增加到1969年的108亿美元。煤气公用事业成了庞大的工业,1969年资产达430亿美元以上,比1940年增加了八倍。1970年,美国约有47条定期的国内、国际航空线,雇员30多万人,总收入达85亿美元。1948年,美国航空和宇航工业的销售额首次超过10亿美元大关,到1968年,销售额超过300亿美元,雇员超过100万人,其中半数是工程师和科学家。1969年“阿波罗十一号”宇宙飞船第一次载人登上月球。第二次世界大战期间是美国农业巨大繁荣的时期。农场人均净收入(按1960年美元计算)1940年为1714美元,1946年上升到3677美元,1970年达到4500美元。这个时期农业实现了高度的机械化、电气化、化学化、良种化。在经营管理上实现了专业化、社会化。500英亩以上的大农场从1940年的26.5万个增加到1969年的36.7万个。这类农场在二战开始时只占1/25,此时已占1/7。农业劳动生产率迅速提高。1950年,每个农民可供养15.5人,1960年增加到25.8人,1970年又增加到47.1人。1947~1970年间,美国农业人口减少了2/3,从占总人口比例的1/6降至1/20,而美国农畜产品却居世界首位,1970年生产的玉米占全世界的43%,大豆占74%,动物油脂占57.2%。美国是世界上最大的谷物输出国。美国对外贸易和资本输出也迅速扩大。1946~1950年的年平均出口额是118.29亿美元,进口额是66.59亿美元,顺差51.7亿美元;1970年出口额增至432.24亿美元,进口额是399.516亿美元,顺差32.724亿美元。战后初期,美国出口贸易约占资本主义世界出口总额的1/3,但此后美国出口比重呈下降趋势,1970年降为15.5%。1971年美国第一次出现外贸逆差。战后,美国成为世界最大的资本输出国,资本输出急剧扩张。资本输出总额从1938年的115亿美元猛增到1970年的1555亿美元(其中私人直接投资占781亿美元)。1960~1970年,美国仅从直接投资一项中就获得623亿美元的巨额利润。五六十年代美国经济发展迅速的主要原因,首先是世界第三次科学技术革命深刻地影响到社会经济的各个领域,促进了老工业部门的技术改造和新工业部门的发展及一系列新工艺、新产品的涌现。科技革命大大促进了劳动生产率的提高,使生产成本降低和产量增加。30年代工业生产率只增加约20%,1950~1970年则增加了94%。30年代农业每人每小时生产量没有变动,但1940~1970年间增长率为430%。第二,国民经济军事化是这一时期美国经济的一个突出的特点。50年代的朝鲜战争和60年代扩大印度支那战争,使国家长期保持高额的军事开支,刺激了经济,特别是与军事有关的经济部门的增长。第三,政府发展国家垄断资本主义,资本的力量和国家的力量相结合,国家调节经济和实行一些社会经济改良,在一定时期中刺激了经济的增长,缓和了经济危机的发展。第四,这一时期美国工业生产的增长,是同垄断资本利润迅速增长、投资的日益扩大分不开的。美国公司纳税后的利润1937年为52.8亿美元,1947年为201.9亿美元,1972年为546.2亿美元,是战前的十倍。利润的膨胀引起了投资的扩大。美国私人企业固定资本投资按1972年价格计算,1951~1960年为597亿美元,1961~1970年为928亿美元。投资增加使再生产不断扩大。此外,美国垄断资本通过对外援助、对外投资和对外贸易,加强对外经济扩张,掠夺别国的原料和燃料,倾销过剩商品,转嫁经济危机,也是维持这一时期经济增长的重要因素。然而,维持五六十年代美国经济迅速发展的诸因素,在资本帝国主义制度下也含有深刻的内在矛盾性。国民经济军事化和信用膨胀支撑了工业的增长,但又削弱了工业进一步增长的基础,加剧了资本主义经济的各种矛盾,引起经济危机的频繁爆发。在这20年中先后出现了四次经济危机。1953年3月~1954年4月的危机是50年代的第一次美国经济危机。1957年3月~1958年4月的一次危机和1960年2月~1961年2月的一次危机,前后相距不到两年,是美国历史上最短的一个周期。60年代扩大印度支那战争曾一度推迟了危机的爆发,出现了战后美国历史上最长的一个经济周期,即1961~1969年持续高涨104个月,但危机终于在印支战争高潮的1969年10月爆发。五六十年代的经济危机,每次持续时间为8~14个月,工业生产下降8.1%~13.5%。经济危机常同财政状况恶化和美元危机交织在一起。早在1960年10月就爆发了第一次美元危机。伦敦市场上美元贬值,黄金价格上涨。世界各地随之掀起一股抛售美元、抢购黄金的浪潮。美国借助英格兰银行的支持,才平息了浪潮,渡过了难关。到1970年7月,又爆发了一场新的更为严重的美元危机。这时,美国的黄金储备下降到102亿美元,只及流动外债(510亿美元)的1/5。尼克松政府宣布停止各国中央银行向美国兑换黄金。年底,被迫宣布美元贬值7.89%,即法定兑换率由1盎司黄金合35美元改为合38美元。即使在繁荣的60年代,美国失业人口尚在300万人上下,70年代后增加到400~500万人。企业开工率经常严重不足。二、70年代的危机滞胀与80年代的发展1973年12月至1975年4月,美国发生战后最严重的经济危机。这是一场世界性的危机,它从英国开始,后来扩及美国、西欧和日本。危机期间,整个资本主义世界的工业生产下降了8.1%。美国的工业生产下降了13.8%,国民生产总值下降了7.8%,全国失业人口达850万,失业率为8.9%。这场危机的一个特点是物价持续上涨。危机期间,美国的消费物价指数上升了15.3%。1975年上半年危机渡过高潮后,美国经济增长速度缓慢,出现了相对停滞的趋势,出现了通货膨胀的情况。西方经济学界把这种现象称为滞胀。在滞胀时期,经济发展速度远比五六十年代慢,而且行程曲折,没有出现全面的经济高涨。国民生产总值在1976年恢复到危机前最高点后,经济增长率逐年下降。1971~1980年间国民收入的年均增长率仅为3.1%。出现这种现象的主要原因是固定资本投资缓慢。在生产设备大量过剩的情况下,经济复苏基本是靠消费性需求的增加,没有出现大规模的生产性投资高潮。而固定资本投资不振,严重影响了经济的增长速度。经济滞胀导致大量失业人口的存在。1978年,美国有全失业人口605万,远高于危机前的数字。另一严重问题是通货膨胀。五六十年代,资本主义各国采用凯恩斯学说,实行膨胀性金融政策,放松银根,鼓励投资与消费,并不断扩大货币供应量。这一做法对防止危机、促进经济发展起了一定作用。到70年代,遇到低增长、高失业的形势,通货膨胀日益严重,达到7%左右。美元在金融市场上的霸主地位也日渐丧失。1977年10月到1978年11月连续发生八次美元危机。1979年又一次出现抢购黄金的浪潮。年初每盎司黄金兑换218美元,到1980年1月21日一度高达375美元。1980年2月,美国再次陷入经济危机。工业生产下降了11.8%,比1973~1975年那次危机下降的幅度小。但这次危机不是经历繁荣之后出现的,而是在滞胀基础上产生的,因而还是严重的。失业率上升到30年代大危机以来的最高峰,达到10.8%,失业人数达1200万以上。通货膨胀率达到两位数字。危机持续了三年左右。70年代美国经济长期陷于危机和滞胀之中,这是由国际和国内的各种因素促成的。其一是资本主义国家发展不平衡的规律。西欧、日本经济实力上升,美国逐渐丧失了战后20年独霸世界市场的优势。1948年,美国在资本主义世界工业中所占的比重达到53.9%,超过其他资本主义国家的总和,1970年下降到40.9%。1947年,美国出口占资本主义世界出口总额的1/3,1970年降到15.5%。在争夺世界市场的斗争中美国逐渐处于不利的地位。从1965年起,日本、联邦德国、加拿大对美国的出口相继超过了从美国的进口。第二,是经济结构调整的影响。战后时期技术革命所创造的某些新产品,生产量不断扩大,使市场逐渐达到饱和,如家用电器、电子产品等;而另一方面有些新成果、新技术、新工艺、新产品要形成巨大的经济效益尚需要时间,还不能取代处于衰落中的传统工业,对这些“夕阳”工业进行新技术改造还需时日。这种新旧交替变化调整中所表现的“停滞”现象,是和传统的周期性危机有所不同的,它既是一种危险,但又是一种机遇,既有危机,又有转机。第三,追求最大限度利润的规律使美国资本向世界扩张,寻求廉价原料和廉价劳动力。美国国外资产从1950年的544亿美元,上升到1970年的1655亿美元,增长了两倍多。但国内的传统工业如汽车、钢铁等工业,由于工资高、利润低,资本家不愿投资进行更新改造,致使这些工业的劳动生产率增长缓慢,削弱了传统工业的基础和竞争力。第四,第三世界联合开展维护资源的反霸斗争。从1973年起石油输出国组织开展“石油战”,连续三次提价。1950年原油价格每桶1.71美元,1973年涨至5.11美元,1981年10月达到34美元的高峰。“石油战”结束了有利于美国经济发展的廉价石油资源时代,加剧了美国的能源危机。1970年美国进口石油11.57亿桶,1977年上升到31.03亿桶,为消费量的46.4%。石油是工业和农业的动力,石油涨价导致整个物价的上涨。第五,是美元霸主地位的丧失。战后,美国凭借其绝对优势地位,创建了以美元为中心的国际金融货币体系,从中得到许多好处。但到70年代美元一再贬值,多次发生危机,这不能不对经济滞胀发生影响。然而,70年代以来美国的经济发展水平仍居世界首位。按1972年美元价格计算,1970年美国的国民生产总值为10,750亿美元,1980年为14,807亿美元,十年期间增长了37.7%。国民收入按当年美元计算,1970年为7984亿美元,1980年为21,214亿美元。1983年,美国率先走出危机,经济回升很快,打破滞胀局面。1984年的经济增长率达到6.9%,是1951年以来美国的最高增长率。此后,增长率有所下降,但一直到1990年,经济连续八年增长。通货膨胀率和失业率都有所下降。从道·琼斯股票指数的变化也可以看出美国经济的改善。危机前的1972年,道·琼斯股票指数为1052,1982年降为776,1983年升为1287,超过危机前的指数。1987年突破2000,比1972年增长将近一倍。到1988年,国民生产总值达到48,806亿美元,比日本和西欧国家高出很多。美国经济的这种迅速发展,使它在世界上的地位再次得到加强。美国经济问题依然很多。财政赤字、内外债务和外贸逆差居高不下。里根政府作出巨大努力来削减赤字,虽取得一些成果,但1987年仍有1476亿美元的赤字。美国的国债则是有增无减,超过2万亿美元。对外贸易,在1975年还有顺差91亿美元,而此后则连年逆差。1980年为253亿美元,1988年增为1374亿美元。美国经济日益受到西欧和日本的挑战。垄断资本统治的加强五六十年代,美国出现了一次规模空前的企业合并运动。战前20年代有一次合并高潮,1920~1929年大公司合并的企业约7000个,1945~1954年大公司合并的企业仅为2929个,而在1965~1969年这五年就达8213个。1947~1972年,最大的100家公司在全部制造业资产总额和生产总额中所占的比重,分别由39.3%和23%上升到47.6%和33%。1970年,最大的50家银行占有商业银行资产总额的47.8%、存款总额的47.4%。过去的合并运动主要是横向合并和纵向合并,而这次混合性合并逐渐成为主要的合并形式,即许多不属于同一行业或同一生产程序的企业,甚至是业务上毫不相关的企业之间进行合并。到1970年,这种混合性合并占全部合并企业数的87.8%,形成众多的经营多样化的联合企业。如国际电话电报公司原来主要经营电信业务和制造电信器材,60年代以来合并了50多家与电信无关的公司,经营范围扩展到面包食品、人造纤维、住房建筑、旅馆酒吧、保险、投资基金、房地产、计算机、化学制品等。通用电气公司合并了众多企业后,产品达300种。从60年代起,越来越多的美国大公司加速合并大量国外企业,成为国际化垄断组织即跨国公司。到1972年,美国垄断组织已在国外拥有约8000家工业企业。国际电话电报公司是一个巨大的跨国公司,它的200多家子公司分布于60个国家,1969年占该公司资产总额的一半,占职工总数的72%,1970年占销售总额的42%和纯利润的35%。随着生产和资本集中的加剧,美国垄断财团,即金融资本集团的势力进一步加强。它们以所掌握的一批金融企业为核心,通过放款、互派董事、收购股票等方式,渗入工矿、交通运输、贸易等部门,操纵国家经济命脉,进而控制政治、文化等各个领域。洛克菲勒和摩根两个东部老财团,不仅在美国居于统治地位,而且也是世界上最大的垄断财团。洛克菲勒财团靠石油起家,现拥有埃克森等七大石油公司,产量占世界石油产量的四分之一。这个财团的金融中心是大通曼哈顿银行,它打进军火、化学、电器、电子、航空、原子能、钢铁、橡胶、公用事业等部门,至少控制了20多家资产各在10亿美元以上的大公司。摩根财团的金融中心是摩根信托公司和银行家信托公司,它在美国基础工业及军火工业部门一直占有垄断地位,在钢铁、电器、电子、汽车、化学、有色金属等方面实力更为突出。1970年,洛克菲勒财团和摩根财团控制的资产达3742亿美元,大约相当于美国其他16个大财团资产的总和,超过了英、法、联邦德国和日本四国金融垄断组织所控制的资产总额。在美国十大财团中,次于它们的有美洲银行财团、芝加哥财团、第一花旗银行财团、波士顿财团、梅隆财团、得克萨斯财团、杜邦财团和克利夫兰财团,还有为数众多的地方性财团如旧金山财团等。垄断财团同国家政权的结合,进一步加强了它们对美国政治生活的控制。美国政府的对内对外政策,都要反映大财团,首先是洛克菲勒和摩根两大财团的利益和要求。50年代艾森豪威尔上台是摩根和洛克菲勒争夺妥协的结果,他的内阁是有名的“富豪内阁”。1961年民主党人约翰·肯尼迪上台,是洛克菲勒财团实力增强的反映。后来约翰逊和尼克松先后入主白宫,则有南部和西部财团崛起的背景。历届政府的部长及高级官员,大多是与垄断资本有密切关系的人。垄断组织和政府机构的人员互换达到很大的规模,1967年7月到1971年12月,有1101名中高级军官转入私人军工企业任职,同时各军工垄断组织领导人有232人进入国防部。美国垄断资本与国家政权在经济上的结合空前紧密,国家垄断资本主义有了高度发展。美国政府推行广泛干预经济生活的政策,保证垄断资本的利润,刺激生产的发展。一是政府增加采购和订货。政府用于采购商品和劳务的开支从1946年的275亿美元增加到1960年的1003亿美元,从占当年国民生产总值的13.1%增加到占19.8%,大部分是用于军事采购。美国大财团垄断了大部分军事订货,这就保证了它们获得垄断高额利润。二是扩大投资兴办国有企业和工程。国家从保证再生产的条件出发,对投资大、周转时间长和利润率低的一些基础工业、交通运输和公共事业等进行大量拨款。在基础设施方面的投资,国家占到投资总额的60%左右。原子能工业、宇航工业等需要巨额资本,投资风险大,从一开始就由政府兴办。1950~1971年,原子能工业建厂投资由21亿美元增加到100亿美元。60年代后期,对宇航工业,国家每年耗费50多亿美元。三是国家开支巨额的科研经费,保证垄断资本集团获得新技术成果和巨额利润。仅军事研究发展费用就从1960年的66亿美元增加到1970年的125亿美元,其中95%以上落入资金雄厚、技术先进的大军火公司手中。研究取得成果,这些公司即可获得新产品的专利权,得到一笔新的军火订货,还可以将新技术用于其他产品的生产。如果研究失败,费用则由政府报销。四是国家通过财政、税收、信贷、金融和劳动等经济政策,调节国民经济,影响再生产过程,应付经济危机,调节劳资关系,保证垄断资产阶级的高额利润。五是由国家与外国签订各种协定,成立各种经济组织以及通过美援,以国家的力量推动私人资本和商品输出,占据有利的销售市场、原料产地和投资场所,帮助美国垄断资本集团加强对外经济扩张。另一方面,美国国内的反垄断倾向和竞争机制也在强化。当代生产力的发展需要大中小企业并存,需要更能适应产业结构更新、易于满足多样化消费的中小企业。国际竞争的加剧也要求美国保持生产力发展的活力。因此,美国在战后一直坚持1890年和1914年制定的反垄断法,禁止有组织的反竞争安排,不允许任何一个企业或财团垄断某部门的全部生产或销售。1950年,又通过塞勒—凯维弗尔反合并法,禁止相互竞争的企业合并。1970年通过反托拉斯法修正案,规定因他人违背反托拉斯法而受害的个人和企业可以提出上诉,法院和联邦贸易委员会应受理此事。

6. 海洋石油707船

三大石油公司分别是中石油、中石化、中国海洋石油。

1、中国石油天然气集团公司(简称中国石油集团、中石油)是一家集油气勘探开发、炼油化工、油品销售、油气储运、石油贸易、工程技术服务和石油装备制造于一体的综合性能源公司。2008年,中国石油在美国《石油情报周刊》世界50家大石油公司综合排名中,位居第5位,在美国《财富》杂志2008年世界500强公司排名中居第25位。2010年5月30日,根据英国《金融时报》研究机构的报告显示,中石油当前市值达到3293亿美元(截至2010年3月31日),位居全球500强企业榜首,成为全球市值最大的企业。

2、中国石油化工集团公司(简称中国石化集团公司,英文缩写Sinopec Group)是1998年7月国家在原中国石油化工总公司基础上重组成立的特大型石油石化企业集团,是国家独资设立的国有公司、国家授权投资的机构和国家控股公司。中国石化集团公司注册资本1306亿元,总经理为法定代表人,总部设在北京。2007年底,中国石化股份公司总股本867亿股,中国石化集团公司持股占75.84%,外资股占19.35%,境内公众股占4.81%。2010年中石化净利707亿。

3、中国海洋石油总公司(China National Offshore Oil Corporation,CNOOC,简称中国海油)是1982年2月15日成立的国家石油公司。依据《中华人民共和国对外合作开采海洋石油资源条例》,负责在中国海域对外合作开采海洋石油、天然气资源。中国海油注册资本949亿元人民币,各类合同制员工5.1万人,总部设在北京

7. 海洋石油677船

以色列石油储量在世界上排不上名次,以色列国,简称以色列,位于西亚,总人口926万人,其中,犹太人口共677万,是世界上唯一以犹太人为主体民族的国家,以色列是一个资本主义发达国家,一直致力于科学和工程学的研究,以色列研发产业中最知名的是军事科技产业。

8. 海洋石油660船

东沙群岛有石油。

东沙群岛是南海诸岛中位置最北的群岛,位于广东、海南岛、台湾岛及菲律宾吕宋岛的中间位置,地处南海北部大陆坡上段,分布于北纬2度33分-2度10分和东经11度54分-11度57分的海域中,是南海诸岛中距离大陆最近、岛礁最少的群岛,它与西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛一样,都是美丽南海诸岛的一部分。

东沙群岛北距广东省汕头港260千米;东北距台湾省高雄市约440千米,与台湾海峡相接;东面靠近巴士海峡;西南紧邻中沙群岛,与永兴岛相距660多千米。

东沙群岛是南海与祖国大陆相联系的重要门户,地理位置尤为重要。这里是通往台湾海峡、巴士海峡和巴林塘海峡等国际航线的必经之路,也是国际航运重要的交通枢纽。是扼守东北亚航运和西太平洋“石油生命线”的要冲。

9. 海洋石油675船

最快是去AH买原油,675的追随者任务有几率刷出能交易的原油.AH卖不贵的,急用可以去买个。

还有就是新地图4大稀有都会掉100原油/坐骑

10. 海洋石油661船

  锦州港   锦州港是经国务院批准的一类开放口岸及辽西地区唯一的对外开放港口,锦州港全年无台风袭扰,冬季冻而不封。锦州港是辽西及内蒙古东部地区内外物资重要集散地之一,是黑龙江和吉林西部广大区域物资中转最经济和便捷的出海口之一。   锦州港的货物集疏条件目前主要通过铁路和公路。港区内一条长6,566米的铁路直通前沿码头,后方直接与沈山线、锦赤线、锦阜线相连接,通过该等铁路与中国东北、华北铁路网相联接。   公路是锦州港集疏货物的又一主要通道 。 目前,本集团的货物主要和102国道相连接,经102国道与103国道在绥中、304国道在新民、203国道在沈阳及沈大国家高速公路与经济腹地相联系 。京哈高速公路正在建设中,预计将于1999年末建成 。届时,进出锦州港与其经济腹地之若干公路之公路运输时间亦将随之缩短。   一九九三年至一九九八年锦州港年吞吐量每年复式增长率达35.7% ,一九九八年锦州港年吞吐量574万吨,居全国主要沿海港口的第24位。   作为中国最北部的国际海港,锦州港的陆路运距具有一定优势。(详见下表)   部分货源地至锦州港及周边港口陆路运距(公里)   港口 陆距 货源 通辽 赤峰 朝阳 阜新 铁岭 沈阳 满洲里 白城 齐齐哈尔 哈尔滨   ★锦州港 362 369 171 118 280 220 1400 660 701 789   秦皇岛港 661 785 371 318 513 442 1620 870 849 989   鲅鱼圈港 483 618 629 343 300 240 1789 730 1016 803   大连港 793 799 810 593 468 397 1844 906 1957 944   锦州港1986年10月开工建设, 1990年10月正式通航, 同年12月被国务院批准为国家一类开放商港。锦州港现已建成1万至5万吨级营运泊位6个,其中5万吨级油品泊位1个,万吨级油品化工泊位1个,3万吨级多用途杂货泊位1个,万吨级通用杂货泊位3个,年设计吞吐量555万吨,在建的二个3.5万吨级泊位将于1999年投入使用,届时,港口吞吐能力将达1000万吨。锦州港具备内外贸集装箱运输和杂货、油品及化工产品的装卸、仓储、运输、服务等多种功能。   1993年初,锦州港在全国港口行业中率先进行了整体股份制改造,成立了股份制港口企业--锦州港务(集团)股份有限公司。锦港集团主要从事锦州港的码头经营和管理、商务货运承揽代理与服务、港口工程建设、招商引资等业务。公司主要股东为:东方集团、锦州港务局、锦州石油化工公司、辽宁省投资集团公司、锦西炼油化工总厂等。锦州港是我国首家对港口整体实行股份制改造并政企分离,建立现代企业制度的港口公司。 经中国证监会批准,锦港A、B两种股票分别于1999年6月9日、1998年5月19日在上海证券交易所上市。   凭借灵活的运行机制、高效的工作作风、完善的配套措施、优越的地理区位、广阔的经济腹地,锦州港向中外客商提供最优质的服务,并充分保障客户的商业利益。   锦州港设施   ① 泊位情况介绍:   锦州港泊位一览表   序号 泊位名称 投产年份 主要用途 水深(M) 长度(M) 泊位能力吨级 泊位数 设计能力(万吨/年)   1 1#杂货 1989 杂货 -11 217.40 10000 1 35   2 2#杂货 1993 杂货 -11 189.78 10000 1 30   3 3#杂货 1995 杂货 -11 150 10000 1 30   4 4#杂货 1995 集装箱、杂货 -12 232 30000 1 60   5 1#油 1991 油品、化工 -10.4 241.40 10000 1 90   6 2#油 1997 油品 -14 356 50000 1 310   7 5#杂货 1999 杂货 -12 262 35000 1 60   8 6#杂货 1999 杂货 -14 270 35000 1 95   ② 港口装卸设备 散粮中转筒仓:仓容2.88万吨,年通过能力100万吨。仓内装有自动测温系统,电子秤具有连续计量功能。   散粮装船机:装船效率为600吨/小时。   仓储堆场:港口占地255万平方米,现投入使用的各类堆场面积为90万平方米,年周转能力1000万吨。另外,依港形成的各仓储企业30余家,年储运能力1500万吨。   输送管线:13条,可输送原油、柴油、汽油、压舱水、液化产品等等。   油品储罐:容积54万立方米,年储运能力300万吨,品种为原油、汽油、柴油。   化工储罐:容积2.7万立方米,年储运能力30万立方米,品种为丙烯、丁二烯、苯、工业碱等。   港内铁路接卸线:5836延长米,直抵港口码头。   拖轮:可提供进出港助拖、海上运输、援助等服务,共7020马力,最大拖轮为3700马力。   门式起重机:起重吨数为10-40吨。   汽车起重机:起重吨数为18-25吨。   集装箱正面吊:最大起重吨数40吨。   运输车队:单车载重30吨运输车30台,年运输能力120万吨。单车载重50吨的北方奔驰货车50台,集装箱运输车13台。   商业保税仓库:3200平方米。   港口商务公司向客户提供港口货物运输组织及相关业务的全方位服务。 港口的船货代公司、集装箱公司、轮船公司、外代公司、外理公司、国际海员俱乐部随时为来港船舶和海员、客户提供各种服务。   ③ 航道助航设施及有关设施   锦州港现有航道一条,全厂约7,700米,水深11米,可供三万吨级的船舶航行,涨潮时最大可供五万吨级船舶航行。航道两侧布置浮标八座,陆域设置六座导标,以确保船舶航行安全。集团拥有拖轮三艘,总功率为7,020马力。   中国交通部水运规划设计院对锦州港做了总体规划,为适应临港工业和腹地经济迅速发展,锦州港将分期建成为北方油品大港、区域性杂货港、综合性化工港。为适应不断增加的货源需求,锦港集团已开始第二港池的建设。第二港池完工后,锦州港将新增1.5万吨-3.5万吨级泊位13个,年吞吐能力1600万吨,届时,锦州港将成为北方具有第三代港口特征的多功能区域枢纽港。   锦州港主营业务   油品仓储装卸业务:重油、原油、汽油、柴油及压舱水。   化工产品仓储装卸业务:工业碱、苯、丙烯、丁二烯等。   杂货仓储装卸业务:粮食、煤炭、钢材、汽车、拖拉机、木片 、水泥、化肥、木材、有色金属、矿产品、化工原料及制品、轻工产品、建筑材料、渔牧产品等四十余种。   集装箱业务:集装箱装卸、装拆箱、堆存、陆路运输、冷藏箱业务等。锦州港已开通内贸集装箱干线班轮。航线航期:到青岛3天,到上海/长江沿岸5天,到宁波7天,到温州8天,到广州/蛇口12天,到海口13天。   外贸集装箱运输业务:锦州港开通在青岛港中转出口集装箱转关运输航线。航线航期为:锦州港--青岛港--日本、韩国、香港,航期为7-8天;锦州港--青岛港--欧洲、美国东部和西部,航期为19-34天;锦州港--澳洲、西亚,航期为19-34天。   多式联运:锦州港同沈阳铁路局合作建立了锦州港集装箱办理站,沈阳铁路局锦铁分局集装箱公司、中海集团与锦州港已开展了海铁集装箱联运业务,实现了港港合作、港铁合作、港航合作,为客户提供便捷、经济的运输服务。   内陆运输:锦州港为客户提供门--门陆上运输服务,已形成完善、成熟的货、箱集疏港体系。公司现有30吨集装箱卡车20辆,随着箱量的增加,锦州港将采取合作、引资方式完善运输体系。   航线   锦州港-青岛港-上海港航线:每周一班,周五开航,在青岛港中转,国内接转上海、南通、镇江等长江沿岸港口及厦门、泉州、蛇口、黄埔等南方沿海港口;国际接轨至欧洲、东南亚、地中海等世界各地港口。   锦州港-大连港航线:每周一班,周日抵锦。周日开航,在大连港接转至东南亚、北美洲、南美洲、澳洲、地中海沿岸各港口。   锦州港-天津港航线:每周一班,周四抵锦。在天津港中转至东南亚、欧洲、北美洲、南美洲、地中海沿岸等世界各地港口。   锦州港-天津港-黄埔港航线:每周一班,周四抵锦,至上海、宁波、湛江、海口等港口。   散杂货定线班轮:锦州港采取港港合作,开通开通至厦门港、泉州港、蛇口港、上海港散杂货班轮,主要承运煤炭、钢材、粮食、水泥、木片、矿石等散杂货,使中小客户的零散货物可以享受与万吨级船相同的运价。   锦州至厦门,每20天1个航次。 锦州至蛇口,15天1个航次。   集疏港运输业务:单车载重50吨的大型奔驰货车50台,单车载重30吨运输车30台。船舶代理、货物代购代销及铁路代办委托业务。

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